Nurs 6501 Midterm Exam Review Guide (Weeks 1-6) Cellular Processes and the Genetic Environment

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Nurs 6501 Midterm Exam Review Guide (Weeks 1-6) Cellular Processes and the Genetic Environment 1. Describe cellular processes and alterations within cellular processes. 2. What is the impact of the... genetic environment on disease? 3. Explain how healthy cell activity contributes to good health and how its breakdown in cellular behavior and alterations to cells lead to health issues. 4. What are the roles genetics plays in disease processes? 5. What is the relationship of how cells are involved in disease processes? Altered Physiology 6. Evaluate cellular processes and alterations within cellular processes. 7. Analyze alterations in the immune system that result in disease processes. In ), cytoskeletal proteins (WAS), or DNA repair (ataxia-telangiectasia) 8. Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. 9. What is the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology? 10. What is the association of genes in the development of disease? 11. What is the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems? Concepts and Alterations of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders 12. Common diseases and disorders that impact the Cardiovascular system, racial/ethnic variables, and patient characteristics. Common diseases and disorders that impact the Respiratory System, racial/ethnic variables, and patient characteristics. Hypercapnia: or increased CO2 concentration in the arterial blood (increased PaCO2 ), is caused by hypoventilation of the alveoli. CO2 is easily diffused from the blood into the alveolar space; thus minute volume (respiratory rate × tidal volume) determines not only alveolar ventilation but also PaCO2 . Hypoventilation is often overlooked because the breathing pattern and ventilatory rate may appear normal; it is important to obtain blood gas analysis to determine the severity of hypercapnia and resultant respiratory. There are many causes of hypercapnia. Most are a result of a decreased drive to breathe or an inadequate ability to respond to ventilatory stimulation. Causes include (1) depression of the respiratory center by drugs; (2) diseases of the medulla, including infections of the central nervous system or trauma; (3) abnormalities of the spinal conducting pathways, as in spinal cord disruption or poliomyelitis; (4) diseases of the neuromuscular junction or of the respiratory muscles themselves, as in myasthenia gravis or muscular dystrophy; (5) abnormalities of the thoracic cage, as in chest injury or congenital deformity; (6) obstruction of the large airways, as in tumors or sleep apnea; and (7) increased work of breathing or increased physiologic dead space, as in emphysema. Hypoxemia, or reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (reduced PaO2 ), is caused by respiratory alterations, whereas hypoxia (ischemia), or reduced oxygenation of cells in tissues, may be caused by alterations of other systems as well. Cyanosis, hypoxemia, and hypoxia can exist independently of each other but they are interrelated. 10 For example, although hypoxemia can lead to tissue hypoxia, tissue hypoxia can result from other abnormalities, such as low cardiac output or cyanide poisoning. Hypoxemia results from problems with one or more of the major mechanisms of oxygenation 11 : 1. Oxygen delivery to the alveoli a. Oxygen content of the inspired air (FiO2 ). Ventilation of the alveoli 2. Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood a. Balance between alveolar ventilation and ......................................................................continued,.............................................................................. [Show More]

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