Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition

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Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Multiple Choice Questions 1) What might a sociologist say about people's selection of marria... ge partners? a. People marry because they fall in love. b. When it comes to romance, it’s all a matter of personal taste. c. Typically, a person marries someone of similar social position. d. When it comes to love, opposites attract. Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 2) The idea that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing describes a. the basis of what philosophy calls “free will.” b. the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology. c. the fact that people everywhere have “common sense.” d. the fact that people from countries all around the world make mostly identical choices about how to live. Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual 3) Which discipline defines itself as “the systematic study of human society”? a. sociology b. psychology c. economics d. history Answer: a Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 4) Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______. a. good; worst tragedies b. new; old c. specific; general d. general; particular Answer: d Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual 5) By stating that the sociological perspective shows us “the strange in the familiar,” the text argues that sociologists a. focus on the bizarre elements of society. b. reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favour of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. c. believe that people often behave in strange ways. d. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits. Answer: b Page Reference: 4–5 Skill: Conceptual 6) Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of a. nationality, because most countries outside of the West don’t have colleges. b. gender, because women don’t generally attend college. c. our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people. d. intelligence, because it’s smarter to go to college than trade school. Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 7) A sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects a. her preference for family size. b. how many children she can afford. c. whether she herself was born into a poor or rich society. d. the desires of her husband. Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 8) According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. greater self-esteem. Answer: c Page Reference: 5–6 Skill: Factual 9) The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was a. Robert K. Merton. b. Auguste Comte. c. Emile Durkheim. d. Karl Marx. Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Factual 10) In Canada today, the suicide rate is highest for which category of people listed below? a. White males b. Black males c. White females d. Black females Answer: a Page Reference: 6 Skill: Factual 11) Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of Canada than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be a. higher in urban areas. b. higher in rural areas. c. high in both urban and rural areas. d. low in both urban and rural areas. Answer: b Page Reference: 6–7 Skill: Applied 12) Sociologists use the term “social marginality” to refer to a. people who have little understanding of sociology. b. having special social skills. c. being defined by others as an “outsider.” d. people who are especially sensitive about their family background. Answer: c Page Reference: 7 Skill: Conceptual 13) If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? a. the wealthy b. disabled persons or people who are a racial minority c. politicians d. the middle class Answer: b Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Applied 14) Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would have expected the sociological imagination to be more widespread a. during times of peace and prosperity. b. among the very rich. c. among very religious people. d. during times of social crisis. Answer: d Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Applied 15) C. Wright Mills claimed that the “sociological imagination” transformed a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense. Answer: c Page Reference: 8 Skill: Conceptual 16) Canada falls within which category of the world’s nations? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. variable-income nations Answer: c Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 17) Which of the following categories contains countries in which average income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. variable-income nations Answer: b Page Reference: 9–11 Skill: Conceptual 18) The nations of Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia fall into which of the following categories of countries? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. each belongs to a different category Answer: c Page Reference: 9 Skill: Conceptual 19) Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within which of the following categories? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. very rich nations Answer: b Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 20) Which of the following is a reason that it is important to understand the world beyond our own borders? a. Nations of the world are increasingly interconnected. b. So we can see how much better our country is than other countries. c. Because of an international agreement mandated by the United Nations. d. It isn’t important. Answer: a Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 21) Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to a. end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. b. accept what people in Canada call “common sense.” c. assume that people’s lives reflect the choices they make. d. want to move to that other country, because their way of life is clearly superior. Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 22) Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. b. accepting conventional wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happier with their lives as they are. Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 23) Learning more sociology helps us to a. realize that common sense is universal. b. assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives. c. understand why it’s better to live in high-income countries than low-income countries. d. conform to social expectations and fit in better. Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 24) Sociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work a. only as teaching sociologists. b. only in criminal justice or social work. c. only as clinical sociologists. d. in all of the above careers and many others, including business, education, law enforcement, and social work. Answer: d Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 25) Examples of people applying their knowledge of sociology at work include people in a. law enforcement understanding which categories of people are most likely to commit crimes. b. law enforcement understanding which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. c. resource-extraction industries that seek to remove ancestral lands from indigenous inhabitants for profit. d. people in the clergy who want to weed out undesirable elements in their congregations. Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 26) Which of the following historical changes is among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline? a. the founding of the Roman Catholic Church b. the rise of industrial factories and cities c. the power of tradition d. a belief that our futures are defined by “fate” Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 27) We would expect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was a. very traditional. b. experiencing many social changes. c. very poor. d. small and socially isolated. Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Applied 28) In which of the countries noted below did sociology as a formal discipline appear first? a. the United States b. Japan c. France d. China Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 29) The term sociology was coined in 1838 by a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte. Answer: d Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 30) Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on a. what the ideal society should be. b. human nature. c. the place of God in shaping human events. d. how society actually operates. Answer: d Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 31) The major goal of sociology’s pioneers, including Comte and Durkheim, was a. to change social patterns and events. b. to help build an “ideal society.” c. to discover how society actually operates. d. to prevent disruptive social change. Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 32) Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage Answer: a Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Conceptual 33) The ancient Romans saw the stars as gods. Comte would classify Roman society as which of the following types? a. scientific stage b. metaphysical stage c. theological stage d. post-scientific stage Answer: c Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Applied 34) According to Comte, people begin to see society as a natural—rather than a supernatural— phenomenon as their society enters which stage of development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage Answer: b Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Conceptual 35) Thomas Hobbes’s idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Comte’s stages of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. sociological stage Answer: b Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Applied 36) According to Comte, people living in Europe during the Middle Ages thought of society as a. a system operating according to its own laws. b. chaotic and having little form. c. an expression of God’s will. d. operating precisely as nature intended. Answer: c Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Factual 37) According to Comte’s approach, the kind of thinking favoured by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. positivist stage. Answer: c Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Applied 38) _____ is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Theology b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free will Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual 39) When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in North America? a. during the Middle Ages b. about 1800 c. about 1900 d. about 1975 Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 40) Most of today’s sociologists agree with Auguste Comte that science is a crucial part of sociology, but most also recognize that a. human beings are orderly and always accepting of structure and definition. b. human behaviour is far less complex than natural phenomena. c. no rigid “laws of society” hold everywhere and at all times. d. the framework of society is a naturally occurring phenomenon which will play out the same across the world. Answer: c Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 41) Sociologists cannot identify “laws of society” that allow us to predict individual human behaviour a. because human behaviour is patterned but also spontaneous. b. because sociology is still very young. c. because no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws. d. because society is modelled after God’s will, which is beyond the understanding of sociology. Answer: a Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 42) French-Canadian sociology was influenced, initially, by a. sociology in France. b. August Comte. c. the Roman Catholic Church. d. Harriet Martineau. Answer: c Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 43) Canadian sociology, as distinct from American sociology, contains a. a unique anglophone component. b. a unique francophone component. c. a reflection of four major cultures. d. an Aboriginal component. Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual 44) With whom do we associate the “staples thesis”? a. Auguste Comte b. Harold Innis c. John Porter d. Dorothy Smith Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 45) Who said “the medium is the message”? a. Harold Innis b. John Porter c. Dorothy Smith d. Marshal McLuhan Answer: d Page Reference: 15 Skill: Factual 46) Who coined the term “institutional completeness”? a. John Porter b. Dorothy Smith c. Harold Innis d. Raymond Breton Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual 47) Which of the following does NOT contribute to Canadian sociology’s concern with questions of unity, political movements, regionalism, environment, identity, diversity, and cultural expression? a. Canada’s massive size b. Canada’s distance from Europe c. Canada’s sparse but diverse population d. Canada’s proximity to the United States Answer: b Page Reference: 14–17 Skill: Conceptual 48) A statement of how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) a. approach. b. precept. c. concept. d. theory. Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 49) To evaluate a theory, sociologists a. gather data or facts. b. follow the conventional wisdom of their society. c. are guided by what they personally want to be true. d. ask their sociology professors if it sounds right. Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual 50) If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a(n) _____ of family life. a. approach b. precept c. concept d. theory Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 51) In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by a. one or more theoretical approaches. b. their own common sense. c. our society’s traditional wisdom. d. sheer chance. Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 52) Which theoretical approach was used by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the deviance and social control approach Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 53) The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. None of the above is correct. Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Conceptual 54) Which term is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behaviour? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 55) Which of the following best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach? a. the meaning people attach to their behaviour b. patterns of social inequality c. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society d. the conflicts which arise between genders or ethnicities. Answer: c Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 56) Using the structural-functional approach, which of the following questions might you ask about marriage? a. What do people think marriage means? b. How does marriage benefit women and men unequally? c. What are the consequences of marriage for the operation of society? d. How can we help people find more pleasure in their marriages? Answer: c Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 57) Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. What is the term for these negative consequences? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 58) Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology’s structural-functional approach. a. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W.E.B. Du Bois b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim c. Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte d. Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W.E.B. Du Bois Answer: b Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual 59) Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the human body. Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual 60) Who was the sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns? a. Robert K. Merton b. William Graham Sumner c. Talcott Parsons d. C. Wright Mills Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 61) The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 62) Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions. Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 63) Which of the following is the best example of a latent function of going to college? a. providing skills needed for later jobs b. keeping young people out of the labour force, which may not have jobs for them yet c. gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citizen d. giving young people experience living on their own Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 64) Robert Merton explained that what is functional for one category of a society’s population a. is functional for everyone. b. may not be functional for another category. c. is unlikely to change over time. d. may not be functional in the future. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 65) The main characteristic of the _____ approach is its view of society as orderly and stable. a. structural-functional b. social-conflict c. social-interaction d. deviance and social control Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual 66) Which of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach? a. It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. b. It focuses too much on social dysfunction. c. It focuses too much on power divisions in society. d. It is a politically liberal view of society. Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 67) The “framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change” is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. feminist approach. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 68) The social-conflict approach draws attention to a. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. b. how people construct meaning in their interactions. c. patterns of social inequality. d. the stable aspects of society. Answer: c Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 69) Looking at the operation of Canadian schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that a. the function of schools is to teach needed skills. b. the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. c. schools have been a major path to social advancement. d. tracking provides some students with far better schooling than others. Answer: d Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Applied 70) Which of the following statements might be made by a sociologist using the gender-conflict approach? a. Men and women share in the joys of family life. b. Men earn more than women in the workplace. c. Gender functions in an important way to keep society operating. d. The glass ceiling is a myth. Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Skill: Applied 71) Which woman helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte? a. Harriet Martineau b. Jane Addams c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton d. Dorothea Dix Answer: a Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 72) Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago’s Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: a Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 73) Karl Marx, speaking for the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was a. to understand how society really operates. b. to compare U.S. society to others. c. to foster support for a nation’s government. d. to bring about needed change. Answer: d Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 74) Which of the following early sociologists had an important influence on the development of the socialconflict approach? a. Karl Marx b. Talcott Parsons c. Emile Durkheim d. Herbert Spencer Answer: a Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 75) Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of colour? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: c Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 76) Which early U.S. sociologist studied the Black community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: c Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 77) Which theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, Aboriginal families have less income than White families? a. the race-conflict approach b. the gender-conflict approach c. the structural-functional approach d. the symbolic-interaction approach Answer: a Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual 78) Using the social-conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight which of the following? a. the standard of fairness all students receive in the public education system b. the importance of gender roles in a well-ordered society c. racial inequality in a company’s hiring and promotion practices d. the positive function of inequality in the workplace Answer: d Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Applied 79) W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that _____ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity Answer: b Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 80) The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for a. focusing on values that everyone shares. b. being openly political. c. promoting the status quo. d. condemning the free flow of ideas and information. Answer: b Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 81) The _____ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad terms. a. structural-functional and social-conflict b. structural-functional and symbolic-interaction c. social-conflict and symbolic-interaction d. social conflict and social control Answer: a Page Reference: 17–20 Skill: Conceptual 82) Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus? a. the operation of the U.S. economy b. patterns of global terrorism c. two people on an airplane getting to know one another d. class inequality in the armed forces Answer: c Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Applied 83) The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the product of people interacting in everyday situations. c. a system that operates to benefit people. d. an accident of chaos which we don’t understand. Answer: b Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 84) Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behaviour? a. structural-functional approach b. social-conflict approach c. symbolic-interaction approach d. social-exchange approach Answer: c Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 85) Who, of the following, had a wife named Marianne who was a prominent German feminist, politician, and prolific writer on social and women’s issues? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Max Weber d. Erving Goffman Answer: c Page Reference: 22 Skill: Factual 86) Which of the following founding sociologists urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber Answer: d Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual 87) Which of the following statements reflects a social-exchange analysis? a. People typically seek mates who offer as much as they do. b. Class differences are reflected in favoured sports. c. People build reality as they introduce themselves. d. People who do more important work usually earn more pay. Answer: a Page Reference: 21 Skill: Applied 88) A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it a. calls attention to major social institutions. b. ignores how structural factors such as class affect people’s experiences. c. paints a very positive picture of society. d. cannot be verified by observable data. Answer: b Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual 89) Which of the following questions is the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach? a. How is society held together? b. How is society divided? c. How do people experience society? d. How do some people protect their privileges? Answer: c Page Reference: 21 Skill: Conceptual 90) Which of the following is a manifest function of sports? a. providing recreation and physical conditioning b. fostering social relationships c. generating jobs d. teaching a society’s way of life Answer: a Page Reference: 23 Skill: Factual 91) Encouraging people to compete and strive for success are two of the _____ of sports. a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. dysfunctions d. controlled variables Answer: b Page Reference: 23 Skill: Factual 92) Who, of the following, would be most likely to ask how shared symbols precipitate Canadians’ pride in their Olympic hockey team? a. a structural functionalist b. a social-conflict theorist c. a symbolic interactionist d. a social-control theorist Answer: c Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Conceptual 93) Who, of the following would be most likely to ask “how is society held together”? a. a structural functionalist b. a social-conflict theorist c. a symbolic interactionist d. a social-control theorist Answer: a Page Reference: 23 Skill: Conceptual 94) Who, of the following would be most likely to ask “what factors give rise to social inequality”? a. a structural functionalist b. a social-conflict theorist c. a symbolic interactionist d. a social-control theorist Answer: a Page Reference: 23 Skill: Conceptual 95) Which of the following would be the focus of a social-conflict analysis of sports? a. the way in which sports help encourage competition b. the importance of physical ability in success c. how sports reflect social inequality d. the different meanings people attach to games Answer: c Page Reference: 24 Skill: Applied 96) Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in a. the positions typically played by White and Black players. b. the exclusion of Black players from professional sports. c. the fact that most managers and team owners are Black. d. There is no racial discrimination in professional sports. Answer: a Page Reference: 24 Skill: Factual 97) Which of the following statements is based on a symbolic-interaction analysis of sports? a. Winning at sports means different things to different people. b. Some categories of people benefit more than others from sports. c. Sports help develop important cultural values. d. “Stacking” is a type of racial inequality in sports. Answer: a Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Conceptual 98) Using the symbolic-interaction approach, sports becomes a. a structure that contributes to the functioning of society. b. a matter of social inequality. c. less a system than an ongoing process. d. an accurate means of measuring social cohesion. Answer: c Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 99) According to sociologists, human behaviour reflects our personal “free will.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 100) Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual 101) Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behaviour. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 102) The sociological perspective reveals that people’s lives are mostly a result of what they decide to do. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 103) Durkheim documented that categories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 5 Skill: Factual 104) In Canada, Aboriginal peoples have a higher suicide rate than other Canadians. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 6 Skill: Factual 105) People with lower social standing are usually more likely to see the world sociologically than people who are well off. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 7 Skill: Applied 106) In Canada, men have a higher suicide rate than women a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 5 Skill: Factual 107) Gays and lesbians are aware of social patterns that heterosexual people rarely think about. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 7 Skill: Conceptual 108) A global perspective has little in common with a sociological perspective. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 9–11 Skill: Factual 109) Sociologist C. Wright Mills argued that times of social crisis foster widespread sociological thinking. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 8 Skill: Factual 110) C. Wright Mills claimed that, most of the time, people were responsible for their own problems. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 8 Skill: Factual 111) Studying other societies is a good way to learn about our own way of life. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 9–11 Skill: Factual 112) Societies around the world are more interconnected than ever before. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 113) Sociological research may be interesting, but it is of little use in shaping public policy, including legislation. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 11–12 Skill: Applied 114) The sociological perspective reveals the truth of the “common sense” beliefs we tend to take for granted. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Conceptual 115) Understanding how society operates offers little benefit to anyone but the most privileged people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 116) Sociology is useful training for any job that involves working with people. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 117) Revolutionary changes in European societies sparked the development of sociology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 118) The term sociology was coined by Emile Durkheim in 1898. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Conceptual 119) As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 120) Ancient philosophers, including Plato, were more interested in imagining the “ideal” society than in studying society as it really is. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 121) The last of Comte’s “three stages” is the metaphysical stage in which people know the world in terms of God’s will a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual 122) Among all academic disciplines, sociology is one of the youngest. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 123) Auguste Comte was a positivist who believed that there were laws of society, like the laws of physics that describe the operation of the natural world. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 124) The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that society reflected the basic goodness of human nature. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 125) Erving Goffman pioneered macro-analysis. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual 126) Sociology had its own department at the University of Toronto in 1902. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 127) John Porter compared Canada and the United States in his book The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 15 Skill: Factual 128) W.E.B. Du Bois translated the writings of Auguste Comte from French into English. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 129) Sociologists test their theories by gathering facts in order to confirm, reject, or modify them. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Applied 130) The structural-functional, social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction approaches are three basic theoretical approaches in sociology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 17–21 Skill: Conceptual 131) According to Robert K. Merton, social patterns are always good, and have the same effect on all members of a society. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 132) People rarely recognize all of the functions of social structure. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual 133) To say that a social pattern is “dysfunctional” means that it has more than one function for the operation of society. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 134) Keeping young people out of the labour market is one latent function of higher education. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 135) The manifest functions of our society’s reliance on personal automobiles include tens of thousands of deaths each year in traffic accidents. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 136) The goal of the structural-functional approach is not simply to understand how society operates but to reduce social inequality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual 137) In Canada, secondary schools place students in college preparatory tracks partly reflecting the social background of their families. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Factual 138) Both Karl Marx and W.E.B. Du Bois carried out their work following the structural-functional approach a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 19, 20 Skill: Factual 139) Feminism and the gender-conflict approach highlight ways in which women are unequal to men. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 19–20 Skill: Conceptual 140) Both Jane Addams and Harriet Martineau are remembered today because they were married to important sociologists. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 141) Like the gender-conflict approach, the race-conflict approach is concerned with social inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 19–20 Skill: Conceptual 142) The symbolic-interaction approach is a micro-level orientation. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 143) The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach is how society is divided by class, race, and gender. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 144) Social-exchange analysis is one micro-level approach to understanding social interaction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 21 Skill: Conceptual 145) Sociological research shows that all categories of people have had the same opportunities to participate in sports. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 24 Skill: Factual 146) A social-conflict analysis of sports points out that the games people play reflect their social standing. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 24 Skill: Factual 147) The meaning people find in competitive sports would be one focus of a symbolic-interaction approach. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Conceptual 148) A symbolic-interaction analysis focuses not on how individuals perceive a social setting but how what happens in that setting involves social inequality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 149) In several sentences, what is the essential wisdom of sociology? Page Reference: 3–5 Skill: Conceptual 150) What did Peter Berger mean when he said the sociological perspective is “seeing the general in the particular”? Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Conceptual 151) Why, in individualistic North America, can the sociological perspective be described as “seeing the strange in the familiar”? Page Reference: 4–5 Skill: Conceptual 152) Explain why the power of society is evident in the decision to bear a child or even in the act of committing suicide. Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 153) Why is a global approach a logical extension of the sociological perspective? Page Reference: 9–10 Skill: Conceptual 154) What did C. Wright Mills mean by “the sociological imagination”? How does this point of view change the way we see personal problems? Page Reference: 8 Skill: Conceptual 155) Explain some of the personal benefits of learning to use the sociological perspective, including career advantages. Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 156) Name the three social changes in European history that were especially important to the development of sociology. Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 157) What can you say sociologically about why sociology arose when and where it did? Page Reference: 13–14 158) Is, as McLuhan suggested, the “medium” the “message”? Page Reference: 15 Skill: Conceptual 159) In several sentences, explain the focus of the structural-functional approach. Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Conceptual 160) Distinguish between the manifest and latent functions of any social pattern. Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 161) What is social structure? How do the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches understand social structure differently? Page Reference: 17–19 Skill: Conceptual 162) In several sentences, explain the focus of the social-conflict approach. Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Conceptual 163) Explain the focus of the gender-conflict or feminist approach. Compare and contrast this approach to the race-conflict approach. Page Reference: 19–20 Skill: Conceptual 164) Briefly explain the difference between a macro-level and micro-level theoretical orientation. Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual 165) In several sentences, explain the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach. Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 166) Discuss the early contributions of women to the development of the social sciences. Page Reference: 22 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 167) Explain the difference between sociological generalizations about categories of people and the simple stereotypes we hear in everyday life. Skill: Conceptual 168) The sociological perspective helps us recognize that the lives of individuals are shaped by the forces of society. Explain, in a short essay, how the sociological perspective reveals “the general in the particular.” To illustrate, explain how society plays a part in your own decision to attend a post-secondary institution. Skill: Applied 169) Sociologists increasingly focus on, not just Canadian society, but the world as a whole. Provide several reasons for this global focus. How is an awareness of global patterns such as immigration or social inequality very much a part of the sociological perspective? Skill: Conceptual 170) Point out what the viewpoint of a sociologist who is influenced by the structural-functional approach (say, Emile Durkheim) has in common with that of a sociologist influenced by the social-conflict approach (say, Karl Marx). That is, how are they both sociological? At the same time, how does each represent a different assumption about the nature of the society? How is the purpose of sociological study different? Skill: Conceptual 171) Develop the differences among the three theoretical approaches by applying each to the family. In each case, how do we understand a family and its operation? Skill: Applied 172) Do you see any dangers in adopting the sociological perspective too intensely? For example, if we say that society is at work in all our choices about how to live, do we lose any sense of personal responsibility for our actions? Skill: Conceptual 173) Explain how the structural-functional approach is more focused on understanding society as it is, and how the social-conflict approach (consider the gender-conflict or race-conflict approaches) is more focused on social change. Skill: Conceptual 174) Since beginning this course in sociology, how has your view of the world changed? Provide one specific example of something in your life that you see differently now compared to before you started this course. Is this change a good thing? Explain. Skill: Applied 175) How is Canadian sociology distinct from American sociology? Why is this the case? Skill: Conceptual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. greater self-esteem. Answer: c 2) Canada falls within which category of the world’s nations? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. various parts of Canada fall within different categories Answer: c 3) Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. b. accepting conventional wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happier with their lives as they are. Answer: a 4) The term “sociology” was coined in 1838 by a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte. Answer: d 5) Looking at Canada, high suicide rates are typical of people who a. live densely packed in cities. b. live spread apart in rural areas. c. have higher incomes. d. live in a warmer climate. Answer: b 6) Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the human body. Answer: d 7) W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that _____ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behaviour. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Name the three social changes in European history that were especially important to the development of sociology. Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation Multiple Choice Questions 1) Fundamental to sociological investigation are two requirements—applying the sociological perspective and ________________. a. a global perspective b. be curious and ask questions c. truth d. biases of the researcher Answer: b Page Reference: 33 Skill: Factual 2) Science can be defined as a. a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation. b. belief based on faith in ultimate truth. c. belief based on a society’s traditions. d. a logical system that bases truth on political goals. Answer: a Page Reference: 34 Skill: Conceptual 3) Sociologists use the term “empirical evidence” to refer to a. information that is based on a society’s traditions. b. information that squares with common sense. c. information we can verify with our senses. d. information that most people agree is true. Answer: c Page Reference: 34 Skill: Conceptual 4) The sociological perspective reveals that a. “common sense” is usually pretty close to the truth. b. much of what passes for “common sense” in Canada turns out to be at least partly wrong. c. most people in Canada readily see how society shapes our lives. d. “common sense” is not very popular in Canada. Answer: b Page Reference: 34 Skill: Factual 5) Which of the following terms is defined in the text as “a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a somewhat simplified form”? a. variable b. operationalization c. measurement d. concept Answer: d Page Reference: 35 Skill: Conceptual 6) Imagine that you were going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part in a survey. As you record the data, you are using the concept “age” as a. a theory. b. a hypothesis. c. a variable. d. an axiom. Answer: c Page Reference: 35 Skill: Applied 7) If you were trying to measure the “social class” of various people, you would have to keep in mind that a. it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring. b. you must measure this in every way possible. c. there is no way to measure “social class.” d. everyone agrees on what “social class” means. Answer: a Page Reference: 35 Skill: Factual 8) What process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable? a. operationalization b. reliability c. conceptualization d. validity Answer: a Page Reference: 35 Skill: Conceptual 9) Exposing a correlation as spurious is assisted by a technique called a. reliability. b. variability. c. correlation. d. control. Answer: d Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 10) In the process of measurement, reliability refers to a. whether you are really measuring what you want to measure. b. how dependable the researcher is. c. whether or not everyone agrees with the study’s results. d. whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results. Answer: d Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 11) What concept below refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure? a. congruence b. validity c. repeatability d. reliability Answer: b Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 12) With regard to the process of measurement, which of the following statements is true? a. For measurement to be reliable, it must be valid. b. For measurement to be valid, it must be reliable. c. All measurement is both reliable and valid. d. Consistency does not guarantee validity. Answer: d Page Reference: 36 Skill: Applied 13) A theory states that increasing a person’s formal education results in increased earnings over a lifetime. In this theory, “higher education” is the a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. correlation. d. effect. Answer: a Page Reference: 36 Skill: Applied 14) Two variables are said to display correlation if a. they are caused by the same factor. b. one occurs before the other. c. both measure the same thing. d. they vary together. Answer: d Page Reference: 36–37 Skill: Conceptual 15) An apparent, although false, association between two variables that is caused by some third variable is called a. a spurious correlation. b. an unproven correlation. c. an unreliable correlation. d. an invalid correlation. Answer: a Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 16) The ability to neutralize the effect of one variable in order to assess the relationship between two other variables is called a. making the correlation spurious. b. making the correlation reliable. c. control. d. causing the correlation. Answer: c Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 17) Which of the following is true about cause-and-effect relationships in the social world? a. Most patterns of behaviour have a single cause. b. Most patterns of behaviour have no cause at all. c. Most patterns of behaviour are caused by many factors. d. It is impossible to determine the cause, if any, of any behaviour pattern. Answer: c Page Reference: 37 Skill: Factual 18) Which of the following statements is NOT part of the definition of a cause-and-effect relationship? a. Both variables must be shown to be independent. b. The independent variable must come before the dependent variable in time. c. The two variables must display correlation. d. There must be no evidence that the correlation is spurious. Answer: a Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 19) The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher a. must not care personally about the topic being studied. b. must try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research. c. must study issues that have no value to society as a whole. d. must carry out research that will encourage desirable social change. Answer: b Page Reference: 37–38 Skill: Conceptual 20) The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free was a. Karl Marx. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Herbert Spencer. d. Max Weber. Answer: d Page Reference: 38 Skill: Factual 21) Imagine that you are repeating research done by someone else in order to assess its accuracy. You are doing which of the following? a. replication b. objectification c. reliability d. scientific control Answer: a Page Reference: 38 Skill: Conceptual 22) Sociologists cannot precisely predict any person’s behaviour because a. everyone behaves in the same way, so there’s no need to predict. b. social patterns that are found in one time and place may not be found in others. c. humans do not like being observed. d. they can; that’s the whole point of sociology. Answer: b Page Reference: 39 Skill: Factual 23) Interpretive sociology is sociology that a. focuses on action. b. sees an objective reality “out there.” c. focuses on the meaning people attach to behaviour. d. seeks to bring about change. Answer: c Page Reference: 39 Skill: Conceptual 24) Which of the following is true about scientific sociology? a. It focuses on the meaning people attach to behaviour. b. It seeks to bring about desirable social change. c. It favours qualitative data. d. It favours quantitative data. Answer: d Page Reference: 38–39 Skill: Factual 25) Which of the following statements about critical sociology is true? a. Critical sociology focuses on the meaning people attach to behaviour. b. Critical sociology seeks to bring about desirable social change. c. Critical sociology endorses the principle of being value-free. d. Critical sociology opposes social change. Answer: b Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 26) Critical sociology can best be described as a(n) ________ approach. a. activist b. scientific c. qualitative d. value-free Answer: a Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 27) Which of the following is one of the five ways that gender can shape research as identified by Eichler? a. sapphocentricity b. tunnel-vision c. correlation d. androcentricity Answer: d Page Reference: 41–42 Skill: Conceptual 28) In making judgments about how society should be improved, the ________ approach in sociology rejects Max Weber’s goal that researchers be value-free. a. interpretive b. critical c. scientific d. positivist Answer: b Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 29) Which German word meaning “understanding” was used by Max Weber in describing his approach to sociological research? a. Gemeinschaft b. Gesellschaft c. Verstehen d. Verboten Answer: c Page Reference: 39 Skill: Conceptual 30) If you have been criticized for “androcentricity” in your research, you are being criticized for a. overgeneralizing your results. b. ignoring gender entirely. c. doing the research from a male perspective. d. using double standards in your research. Answer: c Page Reference: 41 Skill: Applied 31) Drawing conclusions about all of humanity based on research using only males as subjects is the problem called a. androcentricity. b. overgeneralization. c. gender blindness. d. using double standards. Answer: b Page Reference: 41 Skill: Conceptual 32) You are doing research and you never stop to think about the possible importance of gender at all. Your work could be criticized for the problem called a. androcentricity. b. overgeneralization. c. gender blindness. d. employing double standards. Answer: c Page Reference: 41 Skill: Conceptual 33) Who of the following notes the ways in which relations between men and women depend on economic conditions? a. Dorothy Smith b. Irene Murdock c. Susan Wendell d. Meg Luxton Answer: a Page Reference: 43 Skill: Factual 34) Which of the following statements about ethical research is included in the formal guidelines made by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the American Sociological Association? a. Researchers must always perform their research several times in order to ensure its accuracy. b. Researchers must disclose their sources of funding for the research. c. Researchers must disregard the privacy of subjects taking part in a research project. d. Researchers must ensure the research goals take precedence over the safety of subjects taking part in a research project. Answer: b Page Reference: 44 Skill: Factual 35) If you are conducting sociological research that very closely follows the logic of science, which research method are you most likely to be using? a. interviews b. the experiment c. questionnaires d. participant observation Answer: b Page Reference: 44 Skill: Applied 36) “A statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables” is the definition of which concept? a. theory b. correlation c. spurious correlation d. hypothesis Answer: d Page Reference: 44 Skill: Conceptual 37) Three researchers wish to test the effects of playing soft music during an exam on the test performance of their sociology students. They conduct an experiment in which one test-taking class hears music and another does not. In experimental terms, the class hearing the music is called a. the placebo. b. the control group. c. the experimental group. d. the dependent variable. Answer: c Page Reference: 45 Skill: Applied 38) Which sociological research method is most likely to produce quantitative data that will identify causeand-effect relationships? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: a Page Reference: 44 Skill: Applied 39) What term refers to any change in a subject’s behaviour caused by the awareness of being studied? a. invalid response b. unreliable response c. the Stanford effect d. the Hawthorne effect Answer: d Page Reference: 46 Skill: Conceptual 40) What research method was used in Philip Zimbardo’s study, the Stanford County Prison? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: a Page Reference: 46 Skill: Conceptual 41) Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison experiment found that a. all post-secondary students have the innate ability to be cruel. b. prison violence is rooted in the social character of jails themselves. c. no reform is needed in our society’s prisons. d. harm to subjects is not possible in an experiment. Answer: b Page Reference: 46 Skill: Conceptual 42) Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview? a. secondary research b. participant observation c. the experiment d. the survey Answer: d Page Reference: 47 Skill: Conceptual 43) A smaller number of people used to represent an entire population is called a a. target group. b. sample. c. closed-format group. d. sampling frame. Answer: b Page Reference: 47 Skill: Conceptual 44) In a questionnaire, asking respondents to identify their income level from a number of possible categories represents which of the following? a. a closed-ended format b. an open-ended format c. a self-administered format d. a qualitative survey. Answer: a Page Reference: 48 Skill: Conceptual 45) In a questionnaire, the question, “Please state your opinions about the likelihood of another major terrorist attack at home.” is an example of which of the following? a. closed-ended format b. open-ended format c. experimental design d. dependent variable Answer: b Page Reference: 48 Skill: Conceptual 46) Sniderman, in his attempt to answer questions about anti-Semitism in Canada, used which of the following research methods? a. an experiment b. surveys c. participant observation d. interviews Answer: b Page Reference: 49 Skill: Conceptual 47) In his research, Sniderman found thats a. French-speaking Quebeckers are more anti-Semitic than English-speaking Canadians. b. English-speaking Canadians are more anti-Semitic than French-speaking Quebeckers. c. Western Canadians are more anti-Semitic than Eastern Canadians. d. Northern Canadians are more anti-Semitic than Southern Canadians. Answer: a Page Reference: 49–50 Skill: Factual 48) One disadvantage of conducting interviews is that this research method a. does not permit follow-up questions. b. does not allow subjects’ answers to be detailed. c. results in a very low response rate. d. may easily allow the researcher to influence subjects’ responses. Answer: d Page Reference: 48–49 Skill: Factual 49) When you see a table in a journal article or book, the first thing you should read is the a. column on the far left. b. top row of information. c. title of the table. d. column on the far right. Answer: c Page Reference: 53 Skill: Conceptual 50) William Foote Whyte’s study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) used which sociological research method? a. experiment b. survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c Page Reference: 51 Skill: Factual 51) William Foote Whyte’s study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) showed that a. Cornerville was a liberal community with many Harvard students. b. Cornerville was a chaotic and very dangerous slum. c. Cornerville was a complex community that did not fit simple stereotypes. d. a Harvard sociologist was unable to work in a low-income community. Answer: c Page Reference: 51–52 Skill: Factual 52) You wish to conduct an exploratory and descriptive study of people in a particular neighbourhood. You have plenty of time, but little money or other resources. What research method should you use? a. an experiment b. a survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c Page Reference: 50–51 Skill: Applied 53) ___________ is a form of secondary analysis that entails the counting or coding of the content of written, aural, or visual materials. a. Cultural analysis b. Content analysis c. Historical analysis d. Census data Answer: b Page Reference: 52 Skill: Conceptual 54) Your text notes that one of the best-known early content analyses of the twentieth century is a. Weber’s Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. b. Thomas and Znaniecki’s The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. c. Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison. d. Whyte’s Street Corner Society. Answer: b Page Reference: 52 Skill: Factual 55) Which sociological research method is best used to study what cannot be directly observed, such as attitudes and values, among large numbers of people? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: b Page Reference: 47 Skill: Applied 56) Which sociological research method provides the best chance to understand social behaviour in a natural setting? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c Page Reference: 50–51 Skill: Applied 57) Which sociological research method is likely to be most difficult to replicate? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c Page Reference: 50–51 Skill: Applied 58) Which sociological research method saves the time and expense of data gathering, but the researcher has no control over possible data bias? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: d Page Reference: 52 Skill: Applied 59) Once you have identified a topic for your research, what should you do next? a. choose a method of research b. review the literature on the same topic c. assess your financial needs d. collect data Answer: b Page Reference: 56 Skill: Conceptual 60) Inductive logical thought involves a. turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing. b. selecting a research method based on available resources. c. doing research about the past. d. transforming specific observations into general theory. Answer: d Page Reference: 55 Skill: Conceptual 61) Deductive logical thought involves a. turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing. b. selecting a research method based on available resources. c. doing research about the past. d. transforming specific observations into general theory. Answer: a Page Reference: 55–56 Skill: Conceptual 62) Which of the following is a way in which people can mislead others with statistics? a. The data presented is too confusing for anyone to understand, which is used to fool people into believing what is being said. b. People interpret the data to lead their readers to a desired conclusion. c. Graphs are often colourful and their images are distracting. d. They can’t. Statistics exist to prevent the use of data to mislead. Answer: b Page Reference: 56 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 63) Two simple requirements that underlie the process of sociological investigation are (1) looking at the world using the sociological perspective, and (2) becoming curious and asking questions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 33 Skill: Factual 64) The sociologist recognizes that there are various kinds of “truth.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 33 Skill: Factual 65) Faith, accepted wisdom, and scientific knowledge are all equally valid forms of truth, sociologically speaking. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 33–34 Skill: Conceptual 66) Science is a logical system based on intuition and insight. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 34 Skill: Conceptual 67) Empirical evidence refers to what we can verify with our senses. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 34 Skill: Conceptual 68) Reliability refers to the quality of consistency in measurement. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 69) Validity is the quality of measurement gained by actually measuring what you want to measure. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 70) A variable that is changed by another variable is called the “independent variable.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 71) The variable that causes change in another variable is called the “dependent variable.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 72) Any time two variables are statistically related, a cause-and-effect relationship exists. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 36–37 Skill: Conceptual 73) Replication is one way to assess the accuracy of existing research. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 38 Skill: Conceptual 74) A false correlation between two variables, caused by some third variable, is described as a “spurious” correlation. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 75) Correlation is causation. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 36–37 Skill: Conceptual 76) Natural scientists often have an easier time than social scientists in identifying cause-and-effect relationships. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 37 Skill: Factual 77) Sociologists always achieve complete personal objectivity in their work a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 38 Skill: Factual 78) Max Weber urged sociologists to strive toward the goal of being value-free. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 38 Skill: Factual 79) The logic and methodology of science guarantee that sociological research will result in objective, absolute truth. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 38–39 Skill: Factual 80) Interpretive sociology focuses less on action itself and more on the meaning people attach to their actions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 39–40 Skill: Conceptual 81) Scientific sociologists make use of what Max Weber called Verstehen to make sense of their surroundings. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 39 Skill: Conceptual 82) Interpretive sociology considers subjective feelings to be a source of bias. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 39 Skill: Factual 83) Critical sociology both studies society and tries to bring about social change. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 84) The analysis of Karl Marx represents the critical approach in sociology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 85) Gender blindness is the problem of failing to consider the importance of gender in sociological research. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 41 Skill: Factual 86) According to Dorothy Smith, women’s lives are significantly affected by capitalism or patriarchy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 43 Skill: Conceptual 87) Causality is always determined mathematically. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 43 Skill: Conceptual 88) Sociological research can never be harmful to subjects. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 44 Skill: Factual 89) To identify cause-and-effect relationships, it is usually necessary to exercise experimental control of variables. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 44–45 Skill: Factual 90) The very fact of observing people may affect their behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 39 Skill: Factual 91) In Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison research, “violence” was the independent variable. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 46–47 Skill: Applied 92) Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison research lasted for a little over 6 months. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 46–47 Skill: Factual 93) A random sample is likely to represent the population from which it is drawn. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 47 Skill: Factual 94) Haphazardly selecting people as they walk down the street is a convenient and useful way to generate a random sample. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 47 Skill: Applied 95) A survey is a research method in which subjects respond to a series of items or questions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 47 Skill: Conceptual 96) A closed-ended questionnaire format generally makes it easier to analyze results compared to an open-ended questionnaire format. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 48 Skill: Factual 97) Conducting interviews takes no more time than completing questionnaires and gives just as good results. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 48 Skill: Factual 98) Participant observation is a research method in which researchers stand back, watch, and carefully record the behaviour of others. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 50–52 Skill: Factual 99) Participant observation research is usually explanatory, identifying cause-and-effect relationships. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 50–52 Skill: Factual 100) The use of existing data and documents (secondary analysis) makes most historical research possible. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 52 Skill: Factual 101) Inductive logical thought turns theory into testable hypotheses. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 55–56 Skill: Conceptual 102) “Statistical evidence” may or may not be the same as truth. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 53–54 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 103) Discuss the idea that science is one form of truth. Page Reference: 33–34 Skill: Conceptual 104) How does a researcher transform a concept into a variable? Page Reference: 35 Skill: Conceptual 105) Thinking about measuring a variable, how is reliability different from validity? Which concept implies the other? Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 106) List the three conditions required to establish cause and effect in social scientific research. Page Reference: 37 Skill: Factual 107) What is a spurious correlation? Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 108) What did Max Weber mean by “value-free” research? Page Reference: 38 Skill: Conceptual 109) What are the essential differences between scientific sociology, interpretive sociology, and critical sociology? Page Reference: 35–41 Skill: Conceptual 110) Provide one strength and one limitation of each of the major research methods described in this chapter: experiment, survey, participant observation, and secondary analysis. Page Reference: 44–54 Skill: Applied 111) Discuss what you learned from Table 2-2, Labour-Force Participation and Income of Aboriginal Men and Women. Page Reference: 53 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 112) What makes science a special “way of knowing”? What are important traits of scientific sociology? How does interpretive sociology differ from scientific sociology? Skill: Conceptual 113) How does critical sociology differ from scientific sociology? What are the differences in terms of the basic image of society as well as the goals of research? Skill: Conceptual 114) None of the major methods of sociological research—experiment, survey, participant observation, and secondary research—is better than any other in an absolute sense, but each is suitable for addressing a certain type of question or situation. Explain why this is true, and provide illustrations along with your arguments. Skill: Applied 115) How does inductive logical thought differ from deductive logical thought? How can a researcher benefit from using both kinds of thinking? Skill: Conceptual 116) Outline the ten steps in the process of carrying out sociological investigation. You may use the format presented in the text; that is, what specific questions must be answered as a researcher moves along? Skill: Factual 117) How and why is gender important in research? What are some of the problems in research that involve gender? How about race and ethnicity? How should a researcher take account of race and ethnicity when planning research? Skill: Applied 118) Your friend has just given you an article to read that claims that AIDS was brought to Earth by aliens from another planet. Using the knowledge gained in Chapter 2 of the text on sociological investigation, how might you go about beginning the process of critiquing this article? Explain in as much detail as possible. Skill: Applied 119) Why is it necessary for researchers to understand a good deal about the way of life of the people they are studying? What problems could arise if, say, a researcher started research on the Amish, Aboriginal peoples, or some distinctive other category of people and had no understanding of their way of life? Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Critical sociology can best be described as a(n) ________ approach. a. activist b. scientific c. qualitative d. value-free Answer: a 2) Qualitative research has special appeal to investigators who favour which theoretical approach? a. the structural-functional approach b. the symbolic-interaction approach c. the social-conflict approach d. the social-control approach Answer: b 3) A researcher doing participant observation may “break in” to a setting more easily with the help of a(n) a. key informant. b. research assistant. c. bigger budget. d. official declaration from a scholarly authority. Answer: a 4) The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free was a. Karl Marx. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Herbert Spencer. d. Max Weber. Answer: d 5) In making judgments about how society should be improved, the ________ approach in sociology rejects Max Weber’s goal that researchers be value-free. a. interpretive b. critical c. scientific d. positivist Answer: b 6) William Foote Whyte’s study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) used which sociological research method? a. experiment b. survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c 7) Which German word meaning “understanding” was used by Max Weber in describing his approach to sociological research? a. Gemeinschaft b. Gesellschaft c. Verstehen d. Verboten Answer: c Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) A positivist approach assumes that reality exists “out there.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) Natural scientists often have an easier time than social scientists in identifying cause-and-effect relationships. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) List the three conditions required to establish cause and effect in social scientific research. Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 3: Culture Multiple Choice Questions 1) Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life is called a. nonmaterial culture. b. culture shock. c. cultural surprise. d. freaking out. Answer: b Page Reference: 65 Skill: Conceptual 2) As part of human culture, the Canadian constitution is an example of a. material culture. b. subculture. c. culture shock. d. nonmaterial culture. Answer: d Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Applied 3) As a part of human culture, religion is an example of a. material culture. b. nonmaterial culture. c. culture shock. d. human nature. Answer: b Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Applied 4) What is the term for the beliefs, values, behaviour, and material objects that together make up a people’s way of life? a. social structure b. social system c. culture d. society Answer: c Page Reference: 64 Skill: Conceptual 5) The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as a. high culture. b. material culture. c. norms. d. nonmaterial culture. Answer: d Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Conceptual 6) Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? a. high culture b. material culture c. norms d. nonmaterial culture Answer: b Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Applied 7) Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is a. the same ideas about what is right. b. that people enjoy the same sports. c. that people create cultural systems. d. the same standards that define what is beautiful and ugly. Answer: c Page Reference: 65–66 Skill: Factual 8) Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that a. relies on culture to ensure survival. b. has patterned ways of living. c. has biological instincts. d. makes use of tools. Answer: a Page Reference: 66 Skill: Factual 9) The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning a. “person of culture.” b. “thinking person.” c. “one who walks upright.” d. “person who evolves.” Answer: b Page Reference: 66 Skill: Factual 10) According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago? a. 2500 years b. 25 000 years c. 250 000 years d. 250 million years Answer: c Page Reference: 66 Skill: Factual 11) The term _____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ____ refers to a political entity. a. culture; society b. country; nation c. nation; culture d. culture; nation Answer: d Page Reference: 66 Skill: Conceptual 12) Of the 60 Aboriginal languages spoken in Canada a hundred years ago, how many are NOT in danger of extinction today? a. 4 b. 18 c. 30 d. 55 Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Factual 13) Sociologists define a symbol as a. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. b. any material cultural trait. c. any gesture that conveys insult to others. d. social patterns that cause culture shock. Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Conceptual 14) The fact that instant messaging is based on a new set of symbols shows us that a. today’s young people don’t understand the sacred quality of symbols. b. there are many ways to use symbols to communicate. c. culture is immutable. d. symbols hold no real meaning. Answer: b Page Reference: 69 Skill: Applied 15) Cultural transmission refers to the process of a. cultural patterns moving from one society to another. b. using the oral tradition. c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. d. using writing to enshrine cultural patterns. Answer: c Page Reference: 70 Skill: Conceptual 16) The language widely spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is a. Spanish. b. Chinese. c. English. d. Hindi. Answer: c Page Reference: 70 Skill: Factual 17) Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis? a. Language involves attaching labels to the real world. b. People see the world through the cultural lens of their language. c. Most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. d. Every word exists in all known languages. Answer: b Page Reference: 71 Skill: Applied 18) Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called a. folkways. b. norms. c. mores. d. values. Answer: d Page Reference: 71 Skill: Conceptual 19) Values are broad principles that support ____________. a. beliefs b. norms c. folkways d. language Answer: a Page Reference: 71 Skill: Conceptual 20) One tradition that is central to the Canadian winter and the elusive Canadian identity is a. skating. b. tobogganing. c. skiing. d. hockey. Answer: d Page Reference: 72 Skill: Applied 21) According to Seymour Martin Lipset, the traditional differences between Canadian and American values are a. rooted in the past. b. insignificant. c. rooted in religion. d. based on the languages spoken in each country. Answer: a Page Reference: 73 Skill: Applied 22) Low-income countries have cultures that value which of the following? a. economic survival b. equal standing for women and men c. self-expression d. secular practices Answer: a Page Reference: 72, 74 Skill: Conceptual 23) __________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance. a. Mores; folkways b. Folkways; mores c. Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms d. Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 24) Wrong-doing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural a. mores. b. symbols. c. folkways. d. control. Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 25) The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was a. Emile Durkheim. b. William Graham Sumner. c. Harriett Martineau. d. George Herbert Mead. Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Factual 26) _____ distinguish between right and wrong; _____ distinguish between right and rude. a. Mores; folkways b. Taboos; mores c. Folkways; mores d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 27) An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to a. mores. b. taboos. c. folkways. d. proscriptive norms. Answer: c Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 28) Elements of social control in everyday life include a. police surveillance. b. imprisonment. c. sanctions, including the response of other people. d. trade sanctions. Answer: c Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 29) The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture. a. high; low b. low; high c. ideal; real d. real; ideal Answer: d Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 30) Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as a. nonmaterial culture. b. artifacts. c. technology. d. values. Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 31) What is the term for the application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in an environment? a. real culture b. ideal culture c. cultural transmission d. technology Answer: d Page Reference: 75 Skill: Conceptual 32) Which of the following statements about technology is true? a. Nations with more advanced technology are always superior to nations with less advanced technology. b. Advanced technology improves life in some ways but also threatens it in other ways. c. Access to technology is evenly distributed across any society’s population. d. Technology does not contribute to or detract from everyday life. Answer: b Page Reference: 75 Skill: Factual 33) As our society has entered a post-industrial, computer-based phase, which of the following have become more important? a. gaining symbolic skills, including speaking, writing and computing b. gaining mechanical skills using industrial machinery c. knowing more about the past d. gaining proficiency in resource extraction (primary industries) Answer: a Page Reference: 76 Skill: Factual 34) Canada is very culturally diverse, compared to ______, whose historic isolation made it the most monocultural of industrial nations. a. England b. the United States c. Japan d. Iraq Answer: c Page Reference: 76 Skill: Factual 35) The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on a. how advanced the cultural pattern is. b. how long the cultural pattern has existed. c. the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern. d. There is no distinction; they overlap in most areas. Answer: c Page Reference: 76–77 Skill: Conceptual 36) Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population are referred to as a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. elite culture. d. established culture. Answer: b Page Reference: 77 Skill: Conceptual 37) If you were to attend the opera, you would be experiencing a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. cultural transmission. d. virtual culture. Answer: a Page Reference: 77 Skill: Applied 38) Between 1991 and 2001, more than half of immigrants to Canada came from a. Europe. b. the United States. c. Asia and the Middle East. d. Africa. Answer: c Page Reference: 78 Skill: Factual 39) Subculture refers to a. a part of the population lacking culture. b. people who embrace popular culture. c. cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population. d. people who embrace high culture. Answer: c Page Reference: 77 Skill: Conceptual 40) Hockey fans, homeless people, computer nerds, and jazz musicians all display _____ patterns. a. high cultural b. popular cultural c. virtual cultural d. subcultural Answer: d Page Reference: 77 Skill: Applied 41) Multiculturalism is defined as a. efforts to encourage immigration to Canada. b. efforts to establish English as the only official language of Canada. c. social policy designed to encourage ethnic or cultural heterogeneity. d. the idea that Canada should have a single one dominant culture. Answer: c Page Reference: 78 Skill: Conceptual 42) The claim that Canadian culture is dominated by European, and especially English, ways of life states that our culture is a. ethnocentric. b. Afrocentric. c. Eurocentric. d. culturally relative. Answer: c Page Reference: 78 Skill: Conceptual 43) Counterculture refers to a. people who differ in some small way. b. popular culture. c. high culture. d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held. Answer: d Page Reference: 79 Skill: Conceptual 44) Cultural integration refers to the fact that a. Canadian society contains many cultural patterns. b. European cultural patterns dominate Canadian society. c. change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others. d. everyone in Canada shares most cultural values. Answer: c Page Reference: 79 Skill: Conceptual 45) The term cultural lag refers to the fact that a. the rate of cultural change has been slowing. b. some societies advance faster than others do. c. some people are more cultured than others. d. some cultural elements change more quickly than others. Answer: d Page Reference: 79 Skill: Conceptual 46) Which of the following statements is a good example of cultural lag? a. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns before understanding the possible social consequences of this kind of work b. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry c. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition d. virtual culture replacing traditional culture Answer: a Page Reference: 79 Skill: Applied 47) Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? a. invention, discovery, and diffusion b. invasion, invention, and experiment c. immigration, imagination, and innovation d. adaptation, integration, and immigration Answer: a Page Reference: 80 Skill: Factual 48) The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called a. immigration. b. cultural transmission. c. popular culture. d. diffusion. Answer: d Page Reference: 80 Skill: Conceptual 49) Ethnocentrism refers to a. people taking pride in their ethnicity. b. claiming that another culture is better than your own. c. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. d. understanding another culture using its own standards and values. Answer: c Page Reference: 80 Skill: Conceptual 50) A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as “backward” for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration. Answer: a Page Reference: 80 Skill: Applied 51) The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration. Answer: b Page Reference: 80 Skill: Conceptual 52) About what percentage of people in Canada were born elsewhere? a. 21 b. 39 c. 51 d. 80 Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Factual 53) Which of the following adds to the creation of a global culture? a. the flow of goods from country to country b. the Winter and Summer Olympic Games c. cultural appropriation in mainstream media d. European colonialism Answer: a Page Reference: 81–82 Skill: Factual 54) Which theoretical approach states that the stability of Old Order Mennonite society rests on core values shared by most people? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 55) Cultural universals are elements of culture that a. have always been part of Canadian culture. b. have diffused from the United States to other countries. c. have come to Canada from elsewhere. d. are part of every known culture. Answer: d Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 56) George Murdock pointed to many cultural universals. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural universal? a. belief in a heavenly afterlife b. funeral rites c. the family d. telling jokes Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Factual 57) Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach Answer: b Page Reference: 83 Skill: Conceptual 58) A Marxist analysis of Canadian culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect a. the values of the “founding fathers.” b. trends in Western European history. c. this nation’s capitalist economy. d. this nation’s family system. Answer: c Page Reference: 83 Skill: Factual 59) The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach. Answer: b Page Reference: 83 Skill: Factual 60) Which theoretical approach explains why the sexual “double standard” is found around the world? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach Answer: d Page Reference: 84 Skill: Factual 61) Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because a. much culture is habit, which people repeat again and again. b. humans cannot create new culture for themselves. c. culture always discourages change. d. cultural universals prevent any kind of excessive deviation. Answer: a Page Reference: 85 Skill: Conceptual 62) Culture is a source of human freedom because a. culture does not guide behaviour. b. all culture changes very quickly. c. as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. d. all humans are able to choose their own subculture. Answer: c Page Reference: 85 Skill: Conceptual 63) Who, of the following, would be most likely to say that “cultural patterns are rooted in a society’s system of economic production”? a. a structural functionalist b. a conflict theorist c. a sociobiologist d. a symbolic interactionist Answer: b Page Reference: 83 Skill: Conceptual 64) Who, of the following, would be most likely to say that “cultural patterns are rooted in a society’s core values and beliefs”? a. a structural functionalist b. a conflict theorist c. a sociobiologist d. a symbolic interactionist Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 65) Who, of the following, would be most likely to say that “culture is a system of behaviour that is partly shaped by human biology”? a. a structural functionalist b. a conflict theorist c. a sociobiologist d. a symbolic interactionist Answer: c Page Reference: 84 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 66) People around the world have much the same outward appearance, wearing the same clothing and bodily decoration. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Factual 67) Culture refers to values, beliefs, behaviour, and material things that form a way of life. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 64 Skill: Conceptual 68) An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 64 Skill: Factual 69) Experiencing an unfamiliar culture can generate culture shock. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 65 Skill: Conceptual 70) Certain ways of life are biologically “natural” to humans everywhere. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 65–66 Skill: Factual 71) For at least 12 000 years, humans have used culture as a strategy for survival. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 66 Skill: Factual 72) Symbols refer to anything that carries meaning recognized by people who share culture. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Conceptual 73) All cultures have some common elements. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Conceptual 74) Only four Aboriginal languages spoken in Canada are not on the brink of extinction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Factual 75) The emergence of computer-based instant messaging shows how new symbols are being created all the time. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 69 Skill: Applied 76) Symbols allow people to make sense of their surroundings. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 68 Skill: Conceptual 77) Gestures such as “thumbs up” are used in most societies of the world to signify that something is very good. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 68 Skill: Factual 78) Cultural transmission cannot take place unless people have a written language. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 70 Skill: Factual 79) English is the official language of about 5 percent of humanity, and it has become the preferred second language in most of the world. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 70 Skill: Factual 80) The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that the language we use shapes the reality we perceive. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 71 Skill: Conceptual 81) Values are standards that serve as broad guidelines for living. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 71 Skill: Conceptual 82) Cultural values in Canada always go together—they are all consistent with one another. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 71–73 Skill: Factual 83) Cultural values in high-income nations tend to be secular-rational, giving greater importance to personal self-expression. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Factual 84) In general, low-income nations have cultures that value individualism and personal self-expression. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Factual 85) Mores are norms that have great moral significance. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 86) Across Canada, mores vary more than folkways. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Factual 87) Values and norms help to define a society’s “ideal culture.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 88) Technology refers to knowledge people use to make a way of life in their surroundings. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 75 Skill: Conceptual 89) The Old Order Mennonite way of life accepts most of this country’s popular culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 75 Skill: Applied 90) Japan is more multicultural than Canada. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 76 Skill: Factual 91) Canada has a popular culture but not a high culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 76–77 Skill: Factual 92) Most people participate in numerous subcultures without necessarily becoming very committed to any of them. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 77 Skill: Factual 93) Eurocentrism refers to the dominance of European cultural patterns. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 78 Skill: Conceptual 94) Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 77, 79 Skill: Conceptual 95) Cultural lag refers to the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others do. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 79 Skill: Conceptual 96) Cultural change results from invention, discovery, and diffusion. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 79 Skill: Factual 97) Cultural relativism means using your own cultural standards to evaluate another culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 80 Skill: Conceptual 98) The structural-functional approach sees culture as a relatively stable system of integrated patterns people use to meet their needs. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 99) Cultural universals refer to patterns that are held by everyone in a society. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 100) Karl Marx argued that a society’s economic system was shaped by its value system. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 83 Skill: Factual 101) Sociobiology explores how human biology—and especially our evolutionary past—has shaped today’s culture. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 84 Skill: Conceptual 102) It is fair to say that humans are prisoners of our existing culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 85 Skill: Factual 103) Sociobiology employs a micro-level of analysis of culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 85 Skill: Conceptual 104) Sociobiologists claim that the existence of a large number of cultural universals reflects the fact that all humans are members of a single biological species. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 84 Skill: Conceptual 105) Human beings are cultural creatures. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 85 Skill: Factual 106) Culture forces us to choose as we make and remake a world for ourselves a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 85 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 107) What is the difference between material and nonmaterial culture? Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Conceptual 108) What causes culture shock? Page Reference: 65–66 Skill: Conceptual 109) Explain the importance of the five common components of all human culture: symbols, language, values, beliefs, and norms. Page Reference: 67-74 Skill: Conceptual 110) Describe Canada in six words or less (i.e., create a Canadian motto). Why did you choose the words you did? Page Reference: 72–73 Skill: Applied 111) What makes Canadians and Americans different? Page Reference: 73 Skill: Conceptual 112) How does Lipset first describe and then explain the differences between Canadians and Americans? Page Reference: 73 Skill: Applied 113) Give an example of each of the following: (a) folkways, (b) mores, (c) a prescriptive norm, and (d) a proscriptive norm. Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 114) What is the difference between “ideal” and “real” culture? Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 115) What is the difference between high culture and popular culture? Page Reference: 77 Skill: Conceptual 116) What is the difference between subculture and counterculture? Define your terms carefully. Page Reference: 77, 79 Skill: Conceptual 117) Discuss how societies in the world have more contact with one another than ever before. Page Reference: 81–82 Skill: Conceptual 118) What is ethnocentrism? What is cultural relativism? Identify a problem with each. Page Reference: 80–81 Skill: Conceptual 119) What basic view of culture underlies the structural-functional approach? Explain. Page Reference: 82 Skill: Factual 120) What basic view of culture underlies the social-conflict approach? Explain. Page Reference: 83 Skill: Factual 121) What does the sociobiology approach tell us about human culture? Explain. Page Reference: 84 Skill: Factual Essay Questions 122) How does ideal culture differ from real culture? Illustrate your essay using three examples of how ideal and real cultures differ in Canadian society. Skill: Applied 123) “Human nature is the development of culture.” Explain how human beings came to be the only creatures to make use of culture as a strategy for survival. Skill: Applied 124) Write an essay that highlights the different insights about culture that come from the structuralfunctional approach, the social-conflict approach, and the sociobiology approach. Is one theoretical approach more right than another? Or does each approach offer insights that are complementary? Explain your position. Skill: Conceptual 125) Identify at least one positive and one negative consequence of declaring English as the only “official” language of Canada. Why do some people strongly support this goal? Why do others strongly oppose it? Skill: Applied 126) How do cultural values differ in low-income nations and in high-income nations? What reasons can you provide for this difference? Skill: Applied 127) How different are Canadians and Americans in the twenty-first century? Discuss BOTH our similarities and our differences, as well as where these similarities and differences have their roots. Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Canada is the most _______ of all countries. a. multicultural b. culturally uniform c. slowly changing d. nonmaterial Answer: a 2) Key values of Canadian culture a. always fit together easily. b. change quickly, even from year to year. c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. d. are sometimes in conflict with one another. Answer: d 3) Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in Canada? a. French b. Ukrainian c. German d. Chinese Answer: a 4) George Murdock pointed to many cultural universals. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural universal? a. belief in a heavenly afterlife b. funeral rites c. the family d. telling jokes Answer: a 5) Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that a. relies on culture to ensure survival. b. has patterned ways of living. c. has biological instincts. d. makes use of tools. Answer: a 6) The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning a. “person of culture.” b. “thinking person.” c. “one who walks upright.” d. “person who evolves.” Answer: b 7) _____________ described the difference between folkways and mores. a. Emile Durkheim b. William Graham Sumner c. Harriett Martineau d. George Herbert Mead Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Culture refers to values, beliefs, behaviour, and material things that form a way of life. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What makes Canadians and Americans different? Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 4: Society Multiple Choice Questions 1) Who, of the following, would be most likely to argue that the power of ideas shapes society? a. the Lenskis b. Marx c. Weber d. Durkheim Answer: c Page Reference: 92 Skill: Conceptual 2) Which of the following concepts refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share culture? a. culture b. society c. nation d. state Answer: b Page Reference: 92 Skill: Conceptual 3) Gerhard Lenski claimed that which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. technology b. social conflict c. human ideas d. human desire for change Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 4) According to Lenski, the term socio-cultural evolution refers to a. changes brought about by new ways of thinking. b. changes created by ideas coming from other societies. c. change that results from social conflict. d. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology. Answer: d Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 5) Which of the following factors would the Lenskis’ approach highlight as bringing about change in society? a. the telephone b. conflict between workers and factory owners c. new religious movements d. the extent to which people share moral values Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Applied 6) Hunting and gathering societies were the only kind on the Earth from the origins of the human species some 3 million years ago until about a. 250 000 years ago. b. 100 000 years ago. c. 12 000 years ago. d. 2 500 years ago. Answer: c Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 7) Today, hunting and gathering societies a. are quickly spreading around the world. b. represent about half the world’s population. c. are few in number but are found on every continent. d. are close to disappearing from the world. Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 8) Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering societies? a. Population is small; they are nomadic. b. Population is large; they live in villages. c. Population is small; they raise crops and animals. d. Population is large; most people are farmers. Answer: a Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Factual 9) In hunting and gathering societies, a. men and women do almost entirely the same tasks. b. men hunt animals while women gather vegetation. c. women hunt animals while men gather vegetation. d. men and women work together as hunters. Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 10) The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is a. unequal, with men controlling farming. b. fairly equal, with men and women making a vital contribution to survival. c. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food. d. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks. Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 11) A great danger to hunting and gathering societies is a. warfare. b. growing more food than they can carry. c. the forces of nature, including storms and droughts. d. dangerous animals. Answer: c Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 12) Horticultural societies are those in which a. people are nomadic. b. people hunt animals and gather vegetation. c. people have learned to raise animals. d. people use simple hand tools to raise crops. Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 13) Humans first planted gardens in which region of the world? a. Africa b. Asia c. Latin America d. the Middle East Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 14) The first type of society to generate a material surplus was a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial. Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 15) Christianity, Islam, and Judaism all began in _____________ societies. a. hunting and gathering b. pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 16) As societies generate a greater productive surplus, their people generally a. become more socially equal. b. gain more productive specialization. c. become less warlike. d. develop feelings of anomie. Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 17) What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. pastoral d. agrarian Answer: d Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 18) Where in the world did large-scale cultivation or farming first develop? a. Southeast Asia b. the Middle East c. North America d. Africa Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 19) Agrarian technology developed based on the use of a. the plow. b. the internal-combustion engine. c. slave labour. d. irrigation. Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 20) The Roman Empire at its peak power was what type of society? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual 21) Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology a. is entirely positive. b. has both positive and negative effects. c. is entirely negative in its effect. d. has no effect on the quality of human life. Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 22) Assume you are studying a society that has just invented cities, has increasing specialization, and has just started using money to buy and sell goods and services. It is likely that the society is at which stage of socio-cultural evolution? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Applied 23) Many people have marvelled at the Great Wall in China and the Great Pyramids in Egypt. These monuments stand as evidence of the productive power of which type of society? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Applied 24) In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally a. have much more inequality than less productive societal types. b. have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types. c. have less social inequality than less productive societal types. d. come very close to being egalitarian societies. Answer: a Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 25) Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 26) The birth of the discipline of sociology took place during the development of which type of society? a. pastoral b. horticultural c. industrial d. agrarian Answer: c Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 27) Films about advancing technology, including Frankenstein, make the point that advancing technology a. not only solves some problems but creates new ones. b. is the solution to all human problems. c. will never do anything good for humanity. d. reveals problems we didn’t know we already had. Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Applied 28) Industrialization changes societies in many ways. Which of the following is NOT a change brought on by industrialization? a. A larger share of a society’s people lives in cities. b. There are fewer types of jobs and fewer people now work for income. c. The rate of social change increases. d. Advances in communication and transportation make society seem smaller. Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 29) Compared to an industrial society, a post-industrial society is based on a. an information-based economy. b. a factory-based economy. c. an immigrant labour force. d. a less productive economy. Answer: a Page Reference: 96–97 Skill: Factual 30) Karl Marx believed that the industrial-capitalist system was a. going to last forever. b. the best economic system possible. c. giving rise to two great classes: capitalists and proletarians. d. not important to understanding society and conflict. Answer: c Page Reference: 98–99 Skill: Factual 31) The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is a. advancing technology. b. social conflict between classes. c. dominant ideas. d. the way in which society is held together. Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 32) Karl Marx argued that the dominant social institution is a. the family. b. religion. c. politics. d. the economy. Answer: d Page Reference: 99 Skill: Factual 33) Marx described the widespread beliefs that supported the capitalist economic system as a. false consciousness. b. class consciousness. c. cultural awareness. d. revolutionary politics Answer: a Page Reference: 99 Skill: Conceptual 34) Marx called those who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits a. proletarians. b. peasants. c. capitalists. d. burghers. Answer: c Page Reference: 98 Skill: Conceptual 35) As the suffering of workers became worse, Marx predicted that they would a. eventually starve to death. b. rise up against the capitalist system. c. go into business for themselves. d. demand that women as well as men join the labour force. Answer: b Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 36) As Marx used the concept, alienation means a. the sense of not knowing right from wrong. b. that most people do not want to work at all. c. that people object to highly specialized work. d. the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness. Answer: d Page Reference: 102 Skill: Conceptual 37) Marx described alienation as involving which of the following? a. alienation from the government b. alienation from the products of work c. alienation from social clubs d. alienation from the upper classes Answer: b Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 38) Marx noted four ways in which capitalism alienates workers. Which of the following is NOT one of these four ways? a. alienation from the act of working b. alienation from human potential c. alienation from the family d. alienation from the product of work Answer: c Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 39) In the socialist society Marx hoped to see, which of the following would be true? a. Capitalists would pay fair wages to workers. b. Class conflict would no longer exist. c. All people would do the same work. d. Factory technology would be abolished. Answer: b Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 40) Which of the following is TRUE? a. “Canadian society” is problematic. b. Quebec wants to be recognized as a “special society.” c. All ethnic groups have the characteristics of a “society.” d. A “society” need not be aware of itself to be an independent entity. Answer: a Page Reference: 101–102 Skill: Applied 41) Karl Marx used a philosophical approach called _____. Max Weber followed an approach called _____. a. tradition; rationality b. rationality; tradition c. materialism; idealism d. idealism; materialism Answer: c Page Reference: 99, 104 Skill: Conceptual 42) To compare societies at different times in history, Max Weber made use of a. ideal types. b. stereotypes. c. statistical rates. d. rationality tests. Answer: a Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 43) What Lenski called the industrial society and Marx called the capitalist society, Weber considered a. a technological society. b. an ideal society. c. a traditional society. d. a rational society. Answer: d Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 44) How did Weber describe traditional societies? a. People look open-mindedly to the future. b. People pass the same values and beliefs from generation to generation. c. People live in the present, paying little attention to the past or the future. d. People strive to be more and more productive. Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 45) When Weber used the concept “rationality,” he had in mind a. a concern with what’s good for the entire community. b. a respect for tradition. c. deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish any task. d. limiting the extent of class conflict. Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 46) Karl Marx considered capitalism to be _____, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very _____. a. irrational; rational b. rational; irrational c. unproductive; productive d. productive; unproductive Answer: a Page Reference: 105 Skill: Conceptual 47) In describing the rationalization of society, Max Weber claimed that modern society had become a. more religious. b. disenchanted. c. full of anomie. d. less productive. Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 48) __________ considered industrial capitalism to be highly rational. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. The Lenskis Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Factual 49) Weber traced the origins of the capitalist economy in Europe to a. colonialism. b. feudal monarchy. c. the Protestant Reformation. d. technological innovation. Answer: c Page Reference: 105 Skill: Factual 50) According to Max Weber, early Calvinists were a. deeply religious and highly disciplined. b. eager to enjoy what money could buy. c. people who respected the past. d. not interested in business. Answer: a Page Reference: 105 Skill: Factual 51) Max Weber’s analysis of the rise of capitalism provides strong evidence of a. the results of class conflict. b. the effects of increasing specialization. c. the importance of advancing technology. d. the power of ideas to change society. Answer: d Page Reference: 106 Skill: Factual 52) Which of the following is NOT one of the seven characteristics of a rational organization as identified by Weber? a. specialized tasks b. technical competence c. awareness of time d. personality Answer: d Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 53) Comparing and contrasting the ideas of Karl Marx and Max Weber, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Marx thought modern society was alienating; Weber did not. b. Weber thought modern society was alienating; Marx did not. c. Both Marx and Weber thought modern society was alienating, although for different reasons. d. Neither Marx nor Weber thought modern society was alienating. Answer: c Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 54) Max Weber described the features of rational social organization, pointing to all but one of the following. Which one is NOT part of his analysis? a. Organizations become large-scale. b. Self-discipline is important. c. People in the workplace share highly personal relationships. d. Technical competence is the key to getting jobs. Answer: c Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 55) Weber could see the advantages of industrial capitalism, a. and he was optimistic about the future. b. but he thought it would never actually develop. c. but he thought workers would soon overthrow the system. d. but he was pessimistic about the future. Answer: d Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 56) Emile Durkheim saw society as a system “beyond us” with the power to guide our lives. Therefore, he described elements of society, including cultural norms, values, and beliefs as a. social facts. b. ideal types. c. false consciousness. d. forms of rationality. Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 57) It would be correct to say that Durkheim thought of society as a. existing only in the human mind. b. an objective reality. c. changing from moment to moment. d. having no clear existence at all. Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 58) _____________ argued that society was here long before we were born. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. The Lenskis Answer: c Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 59) How would Durkheim describe the importance of a social structure such as family? a. Family is one important source of inequality. b. Family exists only in the meaning it has for a particular person. c. Family plays a part in the operation of society. d. Family is the result of humanity’s biological evolution. Answer: c Page Reference: 107–108 Skill: Conceptual 60) Durkheim claimed that, for each of us as individuals, society a. maintains the highest level of personal privacy. b. helps free people from human culture. c. helps people “be all they can be.” d. regulates individuals, reining in their desires and passions. Answer: d Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 61) Which of the following would likely be a question Emile Durkheim would ask about the 2001 terrorist attacks? a. How did these attacks unite people across North America? b. Which class benefits most from the war on terror? c. What new kinds of technology will come out of this crisis? d. How might the attacks increase bureaucracy and the power of government? Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 62) Which of the following would likely be a question Emile Durkheim would ask about computer technology and the Information Revolution? a. Does computer technology contribute or detract from inner-worldly asceticism? b. Do computers provide an example of mechanical solidarity? c. Might access to unlimited information on the internet increase the danger of anomie? d. What role will computers play in the Proletariat Revolution? Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 63) Which of the following concepts was used by Durkheim to name a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals? a. division of labour b. false consciousness c. anomie d. alienation Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 64) Looking over the long course of history, Durkheim claimed that societies change as _____ gives way to _____. a. Gesellschaft; Gemeinschaft b. individualism; collective conscience c. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity d. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 65) What concept did Durkheim use to refer to social bonds, which are strong among members of industrial society and are based on specialization and mutual interdependence? a. Gesellschaft b. mechanical solidarity c. collective conscience d. organic solidarity Answer: d Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 66) Durkheim explained that organic solidarity is based on a. specialization and interdependence. b. collective conscience. c. shared moral values. d. common cultural heritage. Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 67) “Anomie” refers to a. alienation. b. distinctiveness. c. normlessness. d. self-destruction. Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 68) Of the three founding sociologists considered in Chapter 4 of the text, who held the most optimistic view of modern society? a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. Gerhard Lenski Answer: c Page Reference: 109 Skill: Factual 69) Of the following sociologists, which one might you most expect to be having a conversation about the question of what holds society together? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: d Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied 70) Of the following sociologists, which one was most interested in how society is divided? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: b Page Reference: 98–99 Skill: Applied 71) If you were to hear a sociologist speaking of class conflict as the “engine of history,” which of the following would it most likely be? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Applied 72) If you wanted to learn more about a society’s worldview to be a powerful force causing change, to which of the following sociologists would you turn? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Applied 73) __________ might point out that the internet threatens to increase the problem of anomie. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. Goffman Answer: c Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied 74) Today, __________ would likely be concerned about the emergence of a new symbolic elite. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. the Lenskis Answer: a Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied True/False Questions 75) Gerhard Lenski dismissed technology as of little importance in shaping cultural patterns. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 92–93 Skill: Factual 76) Gerhard Lenski used the concept “socio-cultural evolution” to refer to how technological innovation changes the shape of societies. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 77) Hunting and gathering societies generate a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 78) Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 79) Hunting and gathering societies have elected leaders. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 80) Forces of nature have the greatest effect on societies with the simplest technology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Factual 81) Hunting and gathering societies around the world contain a large and increasing share of global population a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 82) Many pastoral societies are nomadic. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 83) Horticultural societies typically form permanent settlements. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 84) Pastoral and horticultural societies are not capable of a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 85) Compared to hunting and gathering societies, horticultural and pastoral societies have more productive specialization and greater social inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 86) Gerhard Lenski claims that the invention of horticultural or pastoral technology is a clear case of societal progress toward a better way of life. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 87) Agrarian societies typically have dramatic social inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 88) Agriculture differs from horticulture by making use of the animal-drawn plow that can cultivate much more land. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 89) The subordination of women by men is clearly evident in hunting and gathering societies. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 90) Huge empires—such as the Roman Empire that included tens of millions of people and several million square miles—were based on agrarian technology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual 91) Agrarian societies are more alike than hunting and gathering societies are. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 95 Skill: Fact 92) Industrial societies use powerful sources of energy to drive large machinery. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 93) The Industrial Revolution was underway in parts of Europe by the time the explorer Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 94) Industrial technology tends to weaken the family, making it less the centre of people’s lives. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 95) Industrial technology has raised living standards in a number of societies. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 96) In general, industrialization results in less schooling and a sharp increase in the share of the population that is illiterate. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 97) A post-industrial society uses computers and other information technology to operate much of the economy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 98) The Information Revolution has been most evident in the poor nations of the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 97 Skill: Factual 99) Gerhard Lenski argues that, eventually, we can expect technological invention to solve problems of peace and justice around the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 100) Karl Marx claimed that societies were defined by patterns of social conflict. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 101) Marx argued that industrial-capitalist societies had two main social classes: capitalists and proletarians. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 102) According to Karl Marx, the foundation of society is the family. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 99 Skill: Factual 103) Karl Marx argued that society’s infrastructure and superstructure are always in conflict. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 99 Skill: Conceptual 104) Marx thought capitalism would bring class conflict more out in the open. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 105) Marx believed that proletarians could never overcome their false consciousness. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 106) Marx claimed that capitalism alienated workers from their work, and also from each other. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 102–103 Skill: Conceptual 107) Marx viewed alienation as an aid to social change. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 108) Marx looked forward to the transformation of capitalism into a more equal and humane society that he called socialism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 103 Skill: Factual 109) For Max Weber, an “ideal type” meant something that is the very best of its kind. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 110) Weber believed that people living in pre-industrial societies hold strongly to rationality, while members of industrial societies celebrate tradition. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Factual 111) Max Weber used the concept “rationalization of society” to point to historical change from tradition to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 103–104 Skill: Conceptual 112) Marx viewed industrial capitalism as highly rational and Weber did not. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 105 Skill: Conceptual 113) Weber argued that the development of industrial capitalism had its roots in a set of religious ideas linked to Calvinism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 105–106 Skill: Conceptual 114) In hopes of salvation, Calvinists were quick to share their wealth with the poor. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 105–106 Skill: Factual 115) According to Weber, capitalism, bureaucracy, and science are all expressions of rationality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 106–107 Skill: Conceptual 116) Rational, modern societies, according to Weber, were becoming more personal. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 117) Karl Marx and Max Weber agreed that modern society generates alienation, although for different reasons. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Applied 118) Weber viewed rationality as a liberating force that would free the human spirit. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 119) Emile Durkheim viewed society as an external, objective reality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 120) Durkheim pointed to the functions of social patterns for the operation of society as a whole. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 121) Durkheim claimed that, in modern societies such as Canada, people with the strongest social bonds had the highest rates of suicide. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 122) Modern societies provide individuals with less moral regulation than traditional societies do. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 123) Durkheim used the concept “anomie” to mean the same thing as Marx’s concept of “alienation.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 124) Modern societies differ from traditional societies by having more productive specialization—that is, a more complex division of labour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 108–109 Skill: Conceptual 125) Modern societies are held together mostly by shared moral sentiments. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 109 Skill: Factual 126) For Durkheim, the key to change in a society is an expanding division of labour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 109 Skill: Conceptual 127) Both Marx and the Lenskis saw the struggle between classes as the engine for change. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 111 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 128) What does Gerhard Lenski mean by “socio-cultural evolution”? Why does he argue that technology shapes all of society? Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 129) Briefly describe societies based on hunting and gathering, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, and industry. Page Reference: 93–96 Skill: Factual 130) What importance did Karl Marx attach to social conflict between classes? Page Reference: 98–103 Skill: Conceptual 131) Explain why Karl Marx believed capitalist society was irrational, while Max Weber believed it was very rational. Page Reference: 103–105 Skill: Conceptual 132) With regard to Global Map 4-1, High Technology in Global Perspective, describe the relationship between technology and type of society. Page Reference: 105 Skill: Applied 133) Identify the seven traits that define rational social organization, according to Max Weber. Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 134) Explain how Marx and Weber held somewhat different ideas about the cause of alienation in modern society. Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 135) Briefly explain Durkheim’s belief that studying individuals alone can never capture the essence of society. Page Reference: 107–108 Skill: Conceptual 136) What did Durkheim mean by “anomie”? How does modern society cause anomie? Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 137) What is “mechanical solidarity”? How does it differ from “organic solidarity”? Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 138) Describe Gerhard Lenski’s model of sociocultural evolution, summarizing several key traits of each stage. What major technological revolutions have reshaped human societies in the past? Skill: Factual 139) According to Karl Marx, what is one good thing about capitalism? At the same time, in his view, why does capitalism fail as an economic system? Skill: Conceptual 140) Why do some analysts describe Max Weber’s approach to explaining the rise of modern society as a “debate with the ghost of Karl Marx”? Skill: Applied 141) How does Durkheim’s concept of anomie differ from (1) Marx’s concept of alienation and (2) Weber’s concept of alienation? Skill: Conceptual 142) Drawing on the ideas of Lenski, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, cite ways in which one might claim modern society is better than societies in the past. In what ways might any of these thinkers see modern society as getting worse? Skill: Applied 143) About one hundred years has passed since Marx, Weber, and Durkheim were writing about modern society. Point to at least one change in Canadian society over that period of time that appears to confirm the correctness of each theorist’s analysis. Can you point to a change that, in each case, seems at odds with his theory? Skill: Applied 144) What makes Quebec a “distinct society”? Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Gerhard Lenski claimed that which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. technology b. human ideas c. social conflict d. human desire for change Answer: a 2) The first type of society to generate a material surplus was a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial. Answer: b 3) Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology a. is entirely positive. b. has both positive and negative effects. c. is entirely negative in its effect. d. has no effect on the quality of human life. Answer: b 4) The birth of the discipline of sociology took place during the development of which type of society? a. pastoral b. horticultural c. industrial d. agrarian Answer: c 5) The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is a. advancing technology. b. social conflict between classes. c. dominant ideas. d. the way in which society is held together. Answer: b 6) Karl Marx considered capitalism to be _____, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very _____. a. irrational; rational b. rational; irrational c. unproductive; productive d. productive; unproductive Answer: a 7) It would be correct to say that Durkheim thought of society as a. existing only in the human mind. b. an objective reality. c. changing from moment to moment. d. having no clear existence at all. Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Hunting and gathering societies generate a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) Huge empires—such as the Roman Empire that included tens of millions of people and several million square miles—were based on agrarian technology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Identify the seven traits that define rational social organization, according to Max Weber. Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 5: Socialization Multiple Choice Questions 1) The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that a. humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species. b. without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action. c. personality is present in humans at birth. d. many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life. Answer: b Page Reference: 120 Skill: Factual 2) What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? a. socialization b. personality c. human nature d. behaviourism Answer: a Page Reference: 118 Skill: Conceptual 3) What concept refers to a person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling? a. socialization b. behaviour c. human nature d. personality Answer: d Page Reference: 118 Skill: Conceptual 4) The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that a. humans have instincts that guide our lives. b. biological forces underlie human culture. c. as humans, to nurture is our nature. d. Darwin’s model of biological evolution explains patterns of human culture. Answer: c Page Reference: 119 Skill: Conceptual 5) Which theory developed by the psychologist John B. Watson claims human behaviour is not instinctive but learned within a social environment? a. behaviourism b. biological psychology c. evolutionary psychology d. naturalism Answer: a Page Reference: 119 Skill: Conceptual 6) In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that a. nature is far more important than nurture. b. nurture is far more important than nature. c. nature and nurture have equal importance. d. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity. Answer: b Page Reference: 119 Skill: Conceptual 7) The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that a. monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when returned to others of their kind. b. isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally. c. even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys. d. monkeys are unable to tell the difference between an authentic and an artificial mother. Answer: a Page Reference: 119 Skill: Factual 8) Based on both the Harlows’ research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that a. the two species react differently to social isolation. b. both monkeys and humans “bounce back” from long-term isolation. c. even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans. d. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans. Answer: d Page Reference: 119–120 Skill: Applied 9) If you were to put together the lessons learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that a. social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. b. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development. c. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. d. once social isolation sets in, its effects are irreversible. Answer: a Page Reference: 120 Skill: Applied 10) Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud’s concept of a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. generalized other. Answer: c Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 11) In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives? a. id b. ego c. superego d. generalized other Answer: b Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 12) In Freud’s model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual? a. id b. ego c. superego d. thanatos Answer: c Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 13) Applying Freud’s thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that a. human behaviour is basically random. b. humans have basic, self-centred drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society. c. societies encourage people to become self-centred. d. humans can never become cultural creatures. Answer: b Page Reference: 121 Skill: Applied 14) Jean Piaget’s focus was on a. how children develop their motor skills. b. how children are stimulated by their environment. c. the role of heredity in shaping human behaviour. d. cognition, or how people think and understand. Answer: d Page Reference: 121 Skill: Factual 15) According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? a. sensorimotor stage b. pre-operational stage c. concrete operational stage d. formal operational stage Answer: a Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 16) For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols? a. sensorimotor stage b. pre-operational stage c. concrete operational stage d. formal operational stage Answer: b Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 17) The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was a. cognition. b. the importance of gender in socialization. c. moral reasoning. d. isolation. Answer: c Page Reference: 122 Skill: Factual 18) Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg’s research, showing that a. girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards. b. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are. c. boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are. d. the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years. Answer: a Page Reference: 122–123 Skill: Factual 19) Carol Gilligan’s work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that a. girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence. b. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys. c. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. d. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence. Answer: d Page Reference: 123 Skill: Conceptual 20) George Herbert Mead considered the self to be a. that part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. b. the presence of culture within the individual. c. basic drives that are self-centred. d. present in infants at the time of their birth. Answer: a Page Reference: 123 Skill: Conceptual 21) Mead placed the origin of the self in a. biological drives. b. genetics. c. social experience. d. the functioning of the brain. Answer: c Page Reference: 123 Skill: Conceptual 22) According to Mead, social experience involves a. understanding the world in terms of our senses. b. the exchange of symbols. c. a mix of biological instinct and learning. d. acting but not thinking. Answer: b Page Reference: 123 Skill: Factual 23) By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind a. imagining a situation in terms of past experience. b. recognizing that people have different views of most situations. c. imagining a situation from another person’s point of view. d. trading self-centredness for a focus on helping other people. Answer: c Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 24) When Cooley used the concept “looking-glass self,” he meant to say that a. people are self-centred. b. people see themselves as they think others see them. c. people see things only from their own point of view. d. our actions are a reflection of our values. Answer: b Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 25) According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as a. role models. b. looking-glass models. c. significant others. d. the generalized other. Answer: c Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 26) In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? a. imitation, play, game, generalized other b. imitation, generalized other, play, game c. imitation, game, play, generalized other d. imitation, generalized other, play, game Answer: a Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 27) Mead considered the “generalized other” to be a. important individuals in the child’s life. b. a person who provides complete care for a child. c. any “significant other.” d. widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own. Answer: d Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 28) Mead would agree with only one of the following statements. Which one is it? a. Socialization ends with the development of self. b. If you win $100 million in a lottery, your self might change. c. People are puppets with little control over their lives. d. Human behaviour reflects both nature and nurture. Answer: b Page Reference: 123–124 Skill: Applied 29) Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization? a. Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages. b. Personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture. c. We come to see ourselves as we think others see us. d. Most of our personality development takes place in childhood. Answer: a Page Reference: 125 Skill: Factual 30) Who wrote “No hard-and-fast line can be drawn between ourselves and the selves of others”? a. Gilligan b. Kohlberg c. Mead d. Freud Answer: c Page Reference: 125 Skill: Factual 31) Erikson’s theory of personality development states that a. everyone confronts the stages of development in random order. b. we develop according to challenges throughout our lives, delineated by eight observable stages. c. personality development is secondary to the development of the id, ego, and the superego. d. the looking-glass self is the primary determining factor in this development. Answer: b Page Reference: 125 Skill: Conceptual 32) Family is important to the socialization process because a. family members are often what Mead called “generalized others.” b. families pass along to children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. c. extended family has a greater impact than immediate family. d. It is not actually important. Answer: b Page Reference: 125–127 Skill: Factual 33) Thinking about how patterns of child rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____. a. independence; protecting children b. independence; dependence c. obedience; creativity d. creativity; obedience Answer: c Page Reference: 126 Skill: Factual 34) On the basis of Melvin Kohn’s study of what parents expect of their children, high-income parents are likely to be most concerned when their child a. is given a “tardy slip” for being late to school. b. needs to be told what he should draw during free art time. c. is labelled a “non-conformist.” d. is said to have an “active imagination.” Answer: b Page Reference: 126 Skill: Applied 35) The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes a. exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting. b. exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds. c. teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality. d. helping children break free of gender roles. Answer: a Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 36) Today, the factor people most commonly use in deciding if a person has reached adulthood is noting if the young woman or young man a. has completed all schooling. b. has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family. c. is married and has a child. d. has a good relationship with their parents. Answer: a Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 37) The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it a. has a greater effect than parents on children’s long-term goals. b. lets children escape the direct supervision of parents. c. gives children experience in an impersonal setting. d. shelters children from social negativity. Answer: b Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 38) When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a. group conformity. b. future directedness. c. anticipatory socialization. d. group rejection. Answer: c Page Reference: 129 Skill: Conceptual 39) In historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has a. increased over time. b. been about the same over the last century. c. decreased over time. d. The mass media have never played a large part in the socialization process. Answer: a Page Reference: 130 Skill: Factual 40) By 2001, approximately _______% of Canadian households had colour televisions. a. 22 b. 44 c. 66 d. 99 Answer: d Page Reference: 130 Skill: Factual 41) According to Table 5-1, after “Canadian/Canadien,” what is the largest ethnic or racial category in Canada? a. French b. North American Indian c. Chinese d. English Answer: d Page Reference: 127 Skill: Factual 42) About _________ million of the world’s children work in factories instead of going to school. a. 1 b. 12 c. 38 d. 250 Answer: d Page Reference: 134 Skill: Factual 43) Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that a. childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. b. rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do. c. poor societies extend childhood much longer than rich societies do. d. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood. Answer: b Page Reference: 134 Skill: Factual 44) Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in Canada experience adolescence as a time of confusion? a. There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike. b. Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature. c. Growth always involves change, and change is confusing. d. Adolescence is supposed to be a time of carefree play, but most adolescents are forced to work. Answer: a Page Reference: 134 Skill: Applied 45) Industrial societies typically define people in old age as a. the most wise. b. the most knowledgeable about current fashion and trends. c. more out of touch and less socially important than younger adults. d. the most valued members of society. Answer: c Page Reference: 135 Skill: Factual 46) Based on the text’s survey of the life course, you might conclude that a. life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology. b. life-course stages are much the same throughout the world. c. while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction. d. life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries. Answer: c Page Reference: 136 Skill: Applied 47) In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death a. is defined in much the same way in every society. b. is an orderly transition involving specific stages. c. is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable discussing. d. is a chaotic mess which defies categorization. Answer: b Page Reference: 135–136 Skill: Factual 48) Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of death and dying identified by Kubler-Ross? a. denial b. anger c. resignation d. exuberance Answer: d Page Reference: 135–136 Skill: Conceptual 49) What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age? a. age subculture b. generation c. age group d. cohort Answer: d Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 50) Which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone’s personality through carefully controlling the environment? a. anticipatory social centre b. cohort community c. a total institution d. a degradation ceremony Answer: c Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 51) According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is a. to help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world. b. to give a person greater choices about how to live. c. to radically alter a person’s personality or behaviour. d. to encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context. Answer: c Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 52) Which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct? a. Staff members supervise all the daily life of inmates. b. Staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates. c. Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities. d. Formal rules direct people’s daily routines. Answer: b Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 53) Which of the following best sums up Goffman’s idea of the resocialization process? a. break down an old identity, then build up a new identity b. reward inmates for being creative c. help integrate inmates into the larger society d. establish dominance in the hierarchy of a new social class. Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 54) Resocialization is a two-part process—first, the existing identity is broken down and, second a. a new self is built. b. the existing self is thoroughly analyzed. c. the individual is asked how they would like to change. d. the old self is restructured to be more workable. Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 55) A “cohort” is a. a part of a person’s personality. b. a category of people with something in common. c. a group that has special importance for socialization. d. the term for human basic drives. Answer: b Page Reference: 135 Skill: Conceptual 56) An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as a. unsocialized. b. integrated. c. institutionalized. d. dissociated. Answer: c Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 57) The “Controversy and Debate Box” in Chapter 5 discusses which of the following total institutions? a. a prison b. a psychiatric hospital c. a boot camp d. a boarding school Answer: c Page Reference: 137 Skill: Factual 58) Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that a. the way we think and act has no effect on how society operates. b. human beings are defined and predictable, preventing them from changing society. c. human beings have the capacity to overcome even great challenges. d. once a human being becomes an inmate, they can never be reintroduced to society. Answer: c Page Reference: 118–137 Skill: Applied True/False Questions 59) Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of behaviour are not instinctive, but learned. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 119 Skill: Factual 60) The Harlow studies found that six months of social isolation was sufficient to permanently damage infant rhesus monkeys. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 119 Skill: Factual 61) The tragic case of Anna shows how, without adequate nutrition, a human being cannot develop a healthy personality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 120 Skill: Factual 62) What we know of the later lives of socially isolated children squares with the finding of the Harlows’ research. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 119–120 Skill: Applied 63) Even years of social isolation in infancy may not cause permanent and irreversible developmental damage. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 119–120 Skill: Factual 64) The “id” in Freud’s work represents the human being’s basic needs, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 65) The “ego” in Freud’s model of personality is the same as “conscience.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 66) In Freud’s model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 67) According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the pre-operational stage. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 121 Skill: Factual 68) According to Piaget, people think abstractly and critically in the concrete operational stage. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 69) Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in stages as they grow older. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 122 Skill: Factual 70) According to Carol Gilligan, the self-esteem of girls steadily increases through the teenage years. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 123 Skill: Factual 71) While many researchers have studied outward behaviour, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 123–124 Skill: Factual 72) Cooley’s term for self-image based on how we think others see us is “mirrored image.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 73) Mead’s theory of the self is completely social; he recognized no role for biology in personality development. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 123–124 Skill: Factual 74) Mead’s concepts of the “I” and the “me” are close parallels of Freud’s concepts of the id and the superego. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 75) Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place in childhood. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 125 Skill: Factual 76) Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 125–126 Skill: Factual 77) Socialization within the family is always intentional. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 126 Skill: Factual 78) Mass media is the means for delivering impersonal communication to a vast audience. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 130–131 Skill: Factual 79) Schools provide children with early experience of bureaucracy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 80) During adolescence, the family’s influence on children virtually stops. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 81) Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 129 Skill: Conceptual 82) Anticipatory socialization refers to trying to avoid unpleasant social experiences. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 129 Skill: Conceptual 83) During the last century, the mass media have had a declining influence on people in North America. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 130 Skill: Factual 84) Childhood and other stages of the life course are defined in much the same way in all societies. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 134 Skill: Factual 85) Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of old people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 135 Skill: Factual 86) Anti-elderly bias in Canada will probably decrease as the share of older people rises. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 135 Skill: Factual 87) Every stage of life is socially constructed in ways that vary from society to society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 88) As the proportion of women and men in old age increases, we can expect Canadian culture to become more comfortable with the reality of death. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Factual 89) A cohort is a category of people with something important in common, usually their age. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 90) A college is a good example of a total institution. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 136 Skill: Applied 91) Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 92) Discuss socialization as a lifelong process. Page Reference: 120–125 Skill: Conceptual 93) Why are the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie important to social scientists? Page Reference: 120 Skill: Applied 94) Why did Sigmund Freud see human culture (superego) as a necessary source of repression? Page Reference: 120–121 Skill: Conceptual 95) Outline Freud’s three-part model of the human personality. Page Reference: 120–121 Skill: Conceptual 96) Summarize Jean Piaget’s contribution to our understanding of socialization. Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 97) What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral judgments? Page Reference: 122–123 Skill: Conceptual 98) What did George Herbert Mead mean by “self”? What are the steps in the development of the self? Page Reference: 123–124 Skill: Conceptual 99) Explain Erik Erikson’s theory of socialization as a lifelong process. Page Reference: 125 Skill: Conceptual 100) Cite several ways in which the family is central to the process of socialization. Page Reference: 125–127 Skill: Conceptual 101) Explain how a family’s social class position shapes the process of socialization. Page Reference: 126–127 Skill: Conceptual 102) Provide evidence in support of the position that stages of the life course are socially constructed. Page Reference: 133–136 Skill: Applied 103) According to Erving Goffman, what key traits define a total institution? Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 104) Explain the nature-nurture debate. How did Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead take different positions in this debate? Skill: Applied 105) Summarize Freud’s theory of human personality, Piaget’s approach to human development, and Mead’s view of the development of the self. What do all the theories have in common? What are the main differences among them? Skill: Applied 106) What are the specific contributions to human development made by family, school, peer group, and mass media? Do these agents of socialization always convey the same lessons to people? In your response, provide several specific examples. Skill: Applied 107) Describe the various stages of the human life course: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. What characteristics do most people in Canada associate with each? How do we know that these stages, although linked to biological changes, are mostly a social construction? Skill: Applied 108) Based on the material in this chapter of the text, address the issue of human freedom in a socially structured world. That is, to what extent do you think people are free to think and act as they wish? In answering this question, consider the theories presented in the chapter—for example, why does Mead’s theory point to greater human freedom than Freud’s theory? Skill: Applied 109) Why is the definition of “growing up” more difficult than it used to be? What are the achievements that lead people to say that someone has become an adult? Why is adolescence longer than it was several generations ago? What difference does social class position make in the time frame for “growing up”? Skill: Factual 110) Based on everything you have read in this chapter, what are some of the ways in which girls and boys differ in their socialization experience? Provide specific examples in your response. Skill: Applied 111) Discuss in detail how boot camps function as total institutions. How do you explain the lower recidivism rate at such institutions? Skill: Conceptual 112) Using examples from your own life, discuss how the agents of socialization can reinforce values, beliefs, behaviours, etc. and also how they can conflict with one another. Identify two reinforcing effects and two examples where the agents conflict with one another. Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research was a. cognition. b. the importance of gender in socialization. c. moral reasoning. d. racial segregation. Answer: c 2) Mead placed the origin of the self in a. biological drives. b. culture. c. social experience. d. the functioning of the brain. Answer: c 3) Thinking about how patterns of child rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____. a. independence; protecting children b. independence; dependence c. obedience; creativity d. creativity; obedience Answer: c 4) In historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has a. increased over time. b. been about the same over the last century. c. decreased over time. d. The mass media have never played a large role in socialization. Answer: a 5) Jean Piaget’s focus was on a. how children develop their motor skills. b. how children are stimulated by their environment. c. the role of heredity in shaping human behaviour. d. cognition, or how people think and understand. Answer: d 6) In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? a. imitation, play, game, generalized other b. imitation, generalized other, play, game c. imitation, game, play, generalized other d. imitation, generalized other, play, game Answer: a 7) On average, a Canadian watches television for ______ hours per week. a. 2 b. 22 c. 58 d. over 100 Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) While many researchers have studied outward behaviour, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have much the same expectations of their children. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral judgments? Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Social Interaction in Everyday Life Multiple Choice Questions 1) Dianne and Matt are lost while driving to some friends’ house. Matt will not stop to ask for directions as Dianne wants him to. This chapter-opening story illustrates the pattern that a. social interaction is actually mostly random. b. men and women may have disagreements about who should drive. c. men avoid asking for directions because it makes them dependent on someone else. d. men are more interested in connectedness than women are. Answer: c Page Reference: 144 Skill: Applied 2) The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called a. social connectedness. b. social construction. c. social dynamics. d. social interaction. Answer: d Page Reference: 144 Skill: Conceptual 3) Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds? a. role b. status c. role set d. culture Answer: b Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 4) At a given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your a. master status. b. role set. c. achieved statuses. d. status set. Answer: d Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 5) What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? a. passive role b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status Answer: c Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 6) Which concept refers to a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a significant measure of personal ability and effort? a. active role b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status Answer: d Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 7) Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life? a. social status b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status Answer: b Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual 8) Julie is a police officer who finds that, wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to think of her as a cop. Julie is experiencing the effects of which of the following? a. role exit b. master status c. ascribed status d. status conflict Answer: b Page Reference: 146 Skill: Applied 9) Akbar is an honours student. In sociological terms, being an honours student is an example of which of the following? a. role conflict b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status Answer: d Page Reference: 145 Skill: Applied 10) Which item in the following list might serve as a master status? a. handedness b. hair colour c. hometown d. physical or mental disability Answer: d Page Reference: 146 Skill: Applied 11) Sociologists use what concept to refer to behaviour people expect of someone who holds a particular status? a. role b. master status c. status set d. role set Answer: a Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual 12) A role set refers to a. all the roles found in a society. b. a number of roles attached to a single status. c. all the roles that are similar in function. d. a number of roles within any particular organization. Answer: b Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual 13) What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses? a. role conflict b. role strain c. role set d. role exit Answer: a Page Reference: 147 Skill: Conceptual 14) Shawna is an excellent artist but, as a mother, finds she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing a. role conflict. b. role strain. c. role ambiguity. d. role exit. Answer: a Page Reference: 147 Skill: Applied 15) Whic [Show More]

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