precise and understandable autism spectrum disorder

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Autism Spectrum Disorder ● General Info ○ Approx. 1-2% of the population ○ ~4:1 gender split ■ In the absence of intellectual impairment, ratio is 10:1 ■ Diagnosed later in females as w... ell ○ Rates are increasing, unclear how much of the increase is due to changes in awareness or a real rising incidence ○ Most of the increase is due to an increase at the higher functioning end of the spectrum ○ Considered a universal disorder: across SES and cultural groups ● Historical Background ○ In 1943, Kranner coined the term “early infantile autism” ○ Kranner believed autism resulted from an inborn inability to love others; parents wished that the child did not exist ○ “Refrigerator mothers” ■ Lack of warmth from mothers ■ No support for this because Autism is now recognized as a brain-based neurodevelopmental disorder ● DSM-5 ○ Criterion A: Social + Communication Deficits -- across multiple contexts, as all three manifested by the following, currently or by history ■ Social-emotional reciprocity 1. Abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation 2. Reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect 3. Failure to initiate or respond to social interactions ■ Deficits in nonverbal communicative behavior used for social interaction 1. Poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication 2. Abnormalities in eye contact and body language ○ deficits in understanding and use of gestures 3. Lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication ■ Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships 1. Difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts 2. Difficulties sharing imaginative play 3. Difficulty making friends ○ Absence of interest in peers ○ Criterion B: Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by at least two of the following currently or historically ■ Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech 1. Simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects ■ Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior 1. Extreme distress at small changes 2. Difficulties with transitions 3. Rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals 4. Needs to take the same route or eat s [Show More]

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