BIO 1414 - First Exam, Complete solutions, all answers correct; University of Texas, San Antonio.

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BIO 1414 - First Exam, Complete solutions According to this phylogeny a. Humans evolved from chimpanzees or bonobos b. Monkeys evolved before Apes c. Chimps are more closely related to gorillas... than to orangutans Is it more likely that the “ancestral lizard” (*) had legs or was limbless? a. It was probably legless because having legs is a derived characteristic b. It probably had legs because most reptiles today have legs and it requires fewer evolutionary changes to get the three modern groups of limbed reptiles and two groups of limbless reptiles than if we start with a limbless ancestor. c. It was probably legless because that is the most parsimonious explanation d. It probably had legs because Geckos (the bottom group of the five) are the oldest group and they have legs. Which of the cladistic trees below depicts an evolutionary history different from the other two? “Scientific Creationism” a. can not be taught in public schools because it represents state-sponsored promotion of religion b. is an example of how a scientific methodology can be employed to explain how life first evolved approximately 3.5 billion years ago c. is a philosophical position initiated by William Paley around the beginning of the 19th century and used to refute the increasingly popular idea that the assemblage of organisms that has populated Earth has changed over time. d. is a scientific theory explaining how new species come into being in the absence of geographic isolation Does camouflage affect predation rates on two populations of “oldfield” mice? To test the hypothesis that coloration that beach and inland populations of Peromyscus polionotus use camouflage to protect them from predation in their respective habitats, light and dark models of mice were made matching the color patterns of beach and inland mice. What can one conclude from the results? a. The reason the light colored mice are found on the beach is because that is where they are less conspicuous to visually-orienting predators b. The data support the hypothesis that mice with the darker pattern are less likely to be molested in the inland habitats than in beach habitats. Which of the following is most likely? a. The darker mice and the lighter mice can interbreed successfully b. Inland mice transported to beaches will run back to the inland habitats Mammals are divided into two groups- marsupials and eutherians a. Humans are marsupials because they have mammary glands which produce milk. b. Humans are eutherians because fetal development is completed within the uterus c. Humans are marsupials because they have hair d. Humans are eutherians because they have an upright posture and walk on two, not four, legs Pairs of one light brown and one dark brown Peromyscus polionotus mouse were released in an arena with an owl for a 15-minute period. These are the results showing the color of the first-caught mouse. How many dark brown mice were caught in the dark-colored soil enclosure on a moonlit night? a. 12 b. 18 c. 20 d. 26 e. 38 Which condition is most deadly for the light-colored mouse? a. Light-colored soil and full moon b. Light-colored soil and no moon c. Dark-colored soil and full moon d. Dark-colored soil and no moon Why is the number of dark colored mice higher at “a” than at “b”? a. Dark-colored mice are more difficult to see with no moon than when there is a full moon b. The mice in “a” were easier to see on the light soil than their light colored brethren c. Light-colored mice are a easier to see when there b is a full moon than when there is no moon Combining the data shown in both graphs, estimate the total number of mice caught under full-moon and no-moon conditions, and then do the same for the two soil types. a. About 91 mice were caught on light soil and 77 on dark soil b. About 95 were caught on no- moon nights and 86 on full- moon nights c. About 86 were caught on dark soil and 86 on light soil d. About 77 were caught on full- moon nights and 91 on no- moon nights What conditions are most deadly for both colors of mice? a. Predation on moonless nights b. Predation on full-moon nights c. Predation when the prey is positioned on a background of contrasting color The length of the lines in the top phylogeny are proportional to the amount of genetic change in each lineage. In the bottom phylogeny, the horizontal axis represents time. In which vertebrate lineage shown has the studied gene evolved most rapidly? a. Drosophila b. Lancet c. Zebrafish d. Chicken e. Mouse Hemoglobin is one of a number of globin molecules. The chart in the image identifies four such molecules found in humans. Slide 1 Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found generally in vertebrates and in most mammals. It is similar in structure and function to hemoglobin, except that whereas a hemoglobin molecule is composed of four peptides, a myoglobin molecule is a single peptide. You may recall from Biosciences I when learning of the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, hemoglobin was illustrated as being composed of two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. Unlike hemoglobin, myoglobin is found only in muscle tissue, except when there is tissue injury that results in its leaking into the blood stream. Which of the following is correct? Slide 1 a. Neuroglobin has apparently been present for approximately 800 million years, whereas hemoglobin has only existed for a little over 400 million years. b. Hemoglobin must be a more complicated molecule than cytoglobin c. Nerves have apparently existed for a longer time than muscle tissue d. Human myoglobin is probably more similar to human hemoglobin than it is to human neuroglobin e. Since only animals have blood, muscles and nerves, globins must be limited to animals and probably are not found in other types of organisms. Based on these phylogenies (Slide 2) and your other knowledge of hemoglobin, a. a number of globin genes that are in the human genome do not code for peptides b. human and chicken myoglobin are more advanced than turtle myoglobin c. human alpha hemoglobin is more similar to human beta hemoglobin than it is to any chicken hemoglobin d. in humans, hemoglobin genes are found on both chromosome 11 and chromosome 16. This must mean that those two chromosomes were once a single large chromosome that split into two at some point e. in humans, the alpha hemoglobin gene is found on chromosome 11 and the beta hemoglobin gene is on chromosome 16. This must mean that the alpha family of hemoglobin genes is not homologous with the beta family of hemoglobin genes; they had separate and independent origins. To cast aspersions on evolutionary theory, the modern supporters of “Intelligent Design” theory use an argument similar to that of the proponent of “Natural Theology”, William Paley, around the turn of the 19th century. a. Since no one has observed evolution occurring, there is no reason to believe that it has ever happened. b. Radiometric dating is not an accurate and reliable methodology for dating dead animals and plants c. Many structures are sufficiently complex that it is not possible that they evolve over some period of time because the earlier and simpler stages would not work properly and be adaptive This representation of the molecular clock for mammals suggests that a. three primate species indicated by the green dots, have evolved faster than the “average” mammal. b. Mammals have existed for 120 million years c. Mutations in the gene represented here occur approximately every 1.6 million years Which of the following modern animals is most closely related to the last wooly mammoths (Mammuths) that roamed the earth? a. Elephas maximus b. Loxodonta africana c. Loxodonta cyclotis d. All three extant species is equally closely related to Mammuthus The molecular clock a. Can be useful when drawing phylogenies b. Can be used to estimate the timing of recent events but not for events occurring as long ago as 400 million years or more c. will be more accurate if based on amino acid changes than changes in DNA Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data in slide 4a? C The most likely amino acid that the common ancestor of species I and IV (see slide 4a) had at position #2 was a. Glutamic acid (GLU) b. Methionine (Met) c. Valine (Val) d. nothing This phylogeny, based on a comparison of mtDNA describes the evolutionary relationships among extant species of bear. a. The sun bear is more closely related to the sloth bear than to the polar bear b. The analysis can not be (completely) correct because the American and Asian black bears are separated by a body of water that precludes their having had a common ancestor in the recent past. c. The sun bear is as closely related to the American black bear as it is to the Asian black bear. Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data in slide 4b? The authors describe two examples of where evolution has occurred very rapidly. Within two years of introducing penicillin, a substantial proportion of Staphylococcus aureans strains were resistant. Similarly, the introduction of methicillin lead quickly to resistant strains. These illustrate that which of the following can contribute to rapid evolution? i. High mutation rates ii. Intense selection against some genotypes iii. Rapid reproduction rates a. i b. ii c. iii d. i and ii e. i, ii, & iii In both the methicillin and penicillin cases, exposure to the antibiotic caused mutations in S. aureans bacteria. Once they had the mutation, they could thrive and reproduce, passing on the genes responsible for resistance. a. This is why some strains evolved so rapidly. As the environment changed, some bacteria changed in such a way as to thrive in the new environment and they passed those changes on to their offspring. b. The statement is false. The most likely amino acid that the common ancestor of species I and II (see slide 4b) had at position #6 was a. nothing b. Methionine (Met) c. Histidine (His) d. Aspartic Acid (Asp) e. It is most likely that some amino acid was at that location but there is insufficient information to select between choices b, c, and d. Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data in slide 5? Darwin’s explanation of the history of life on Earth included a mechanism that might account for what could account for change in the appearances of organisms that were known to have existed. He called that mechanism “natural selection”. His vision also included the startling conclusion that all organisms must be related and traceable to a common ancestor. This deduction was dependant upon a number of observations and suppositions including all of the following except a. organisms inherit features that their ancestors had b. if various species of organisms have shared features, it is most likely because those features were inherited from the same ancestor c. when all of the major groups of organisms (eg. vertebrates, insects, mollusks, etc.) first appeared on Earth, they must have been designed with a common theme or pattern. d. if various species of organisms have molecular similarities, it is unlikely that those similarities arose independently and more likely that they were passed down to the various species from the same relative “Intelligent Design” refers to a. a scientific theory explaining how evolution occurs b. an explanation for how complexity in the natural world came into being c. the scientific explanation for how eusocial organisms can produce the complex design of the structures in which they live (eg. the hives of bees, the nests of ants and the structures used by termites). The theory promoted by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck that the characteristics acquired by an organisms can be inherited by future generations was finally laid to rest during the twentieth century with the discovery that a. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein b. That DNA contains a code for organisms’ characteristics c. Phenotypes are produced, in part, by DNA coding for RNA sequences which in turn dictate amino acid sequences. Information does not flow in the reverse direction.* d. DNA is organized as a double helix composed of alternating units of amino acids Adam Smith’s book, A Wealth of Nations, was valuable as Darwin crafted his theory because in the book, Smith a. offered an explanation of how major disruptions in the social and political fabric of a society can cause dramatic change in the economy, much like the change Darwin was proposing could result from dramatic change in the ecological situation in which populations lived b. suggested in a competitive economic environment where companies are free to conduct business as they see fit, those that follow a business plan that results in their prosperity will flourish and those that are less well suited to the competitive landscape will suffer and perhaps not persist into the future. c. those that are wealthy are of greater value to a society and will be more likely to leave offspring that can continue to accumulate wealth and contribute to the overall wealth of the nation. d. the wealth of a nation is measured by the diversity of its inhabitants. e. wealthy societies and nations survive and persist over time and poor nations suffer by comparison and go extinct, eg. consider the fall of the Roman Empire. In Darwin’s day, many held the view that offspring displayed a blend of characteristics from the two parents. For example, a mating between a tall individual and a short individual would yield an individual of intermediate adult height. Such “blending inheritance” was problematic for Darwin’s theory because a. according to his theory, lineages of organisms should progress to a heightened state of perfection and blending does not permit such progress b. blending inheritance will, in time, result in the reduction of variability in a population such that evolution could never occur* c. though blending inheritance was problematic when Darwin and Wallace first published their theory, the difficulty it presented was resolved in the very early twentieth century when Mendel’s theory of inheritance was rediscovered and reinforced with the work of scientists like Thomas Hunt Morgan (fruitf lies). Sugar gliders in modern Australia and flying squirrels in North America (slide 10) are phenotypically very similar. The explanation is that a. the two share a gliding/flying ancestor and as the continents drifted apart to their current locations, what are now completely different species followed their separate and independent evolutionary courses b. during their separate evolutionary history, they came to occupy similar ecological niches and converged on adaptations that permit them to move about in similar ways. c. when humans immigrated to Australia some 9000 years ago, they introduced many species of animals, including the sugar glider which is the European cousin of the flying squirrel. Whales and penguins both have flippers. They are adaptations which permit movement through the water. a. The flippers in whales and penguins are homologous b. The bones in the penguin’s flippers are homologous with the bones in the flippers of whales, but the flippers are not themselves homologous* c. The bones in the penguin’s flippers are analogous with the bones in the flippers of whales, but the flippers themselves are not homologous d. The bones in the penguin’s flippers are of a distinct evolutionary origin from those in the whale’s flippers, and the flippers themselves are analogous. Based on this diagram a. Alpha-one is more similar to beta than to epsilon. b. One hemoglobin gene probably divided into two, alpha and beta. c. The beta family of genes is older than the alpha d. An original hemoglobin gene probably duplicated leading to the two families of alpha and beta molecules Which of the following is not a reasonable statement based on slide 7? a. It is likely that the Nene is flightless in part because there were no endemic ground predators that were a significant threat for which flying would be necessary b. their ancestors are likely to have been flightless and were able to float and paddle, which all geese are capable of doing, the distance from their place of origin to Hawaii c. It is most likely that the Nene of today is more closely related to the Nene-nui than to today’s Canadian Goose. Soapberry Bugs feed most effectively when the length of their “beak” closely matches the depth of the seeds within the fruit. Prior to the introduction of the goldenrain tree in central Florida 35, or so years ago, the soapberry bug fed on balloon vine fruits (top half of the graph). In some places, the balloon vine plant is now rare and the goldenrain tree is the major food source . Which of the following is most likely? See slide 8. a. From a population of soapberry bugs that has been feeding for generations on goldenrain tree seeds, take a sample of young and give them balloon vine fruits when they become adults. They will develop a longer feeding apparatus than their parents so that they will be able to reach and feed on the seeds in the fruit. b. From a population feeding on balloon vine fruits, take a sample of young and give them goldenrain fruits when they become adults. They will be able feed successfully on the contents of the seeds of the goldenrain plant, though probably less effectively than if they were on balloon vine. Thomas Malthus’ essay “On Populations” was significant for Darwin and Wallace because a. it made the convincing case that the assemblage of organisms on Earth has changed over time, and that most organisms that have ever existed are now extinct. b. it illustrated that populations of (human) individuals have the capacity to increase in size at a greater pace than the environment’s ability to supply resources upon which the individuals depend. c. it made a compelling argument for natural selection being a mechanism that can result in changes in lineages of organisms as time passes. d. he argued that the only logical explanation for the origins of life was that some constructive force was responsible for the first organisms to exist on Earth. There is a theory, recently popularized since the late 1980's that in order to account for highly complex biological systems as we know them today, it is essential to rely on the presence of an intelligence to explain the complexity of those systems. a. the theory has met with general acceptance because we have otherwise been unsuccessful in explaining the evolution of such complex structures as the human eye or the flagellum found on some bacteria. b. the theory is consistent with the theory set forth by Darwin and Wallace because an intelligence can only explain why evolution progressively leads to higher levels of complexity c. The theory has not met with approval by evolutionary biologists because it has been demonstrated that there is no such intelligence that could be responsible for the organization of modern biological systems. d. The theory has recently been popularized in an effort to blunt the impact of teaching evolutionary biology in public schools.* One form that “social darwinism” took in the early twentieth century was a. the encouragement of the socially disadvantaged citizens to develop skills that would contribute to their social and political advancement. b. the social integration of various “racial” and ethnic groups by promoting non-discriminatory policies. c. discouraging the reproduction of those deemed to be genetically inferior. d. the demonstration of a philosophical bias by scientists that social behaviors were the consequence of environmental influences. e. none of the above is a good answer If a female bee lays an egg and fertilizes it a. It can develop into a male b. It can develop into a female c. It can develop into a worker, but not a queen d. It can develop into a queen, but not a worker At the Scopes trial a. Intelligent design theory was determined by the Court to amount to religious doctrine b. It was determined that the various races of humans could be treated differently and not violate the US Constitution c. Darwin’s theory was found to be incorrect d. The teaching of evolution and that humans had non-human ancestors was found to violate a state law banning that activity “Balanced Treatment” Statutes a. Require that morons, imbeciles and idiots should be treated similarly b. Were designed to eliminate racial discrimination after the Civil War c. Were introduced in an effort to include intelligent design theory into public schools d. Were found to violate the clause in the US Constitution that forbids discrimination e. Were introduced by those favoring scientific creationism In the sequence of events leading to the synthesis of a peptide a. The DNA code is “translated” into a mRNA molecule b. The formation of covalent bonds joining amino acids into the primary structure of the peptide occurs in the golgi bodies* c. As individual amino acids are linked together into a linear array, water is produced as a byproduct. Based on the information in slide 9, how many times did HIV-1 “jump” from non-human primates to humans? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five If species I is the common ancestor of II, III and IV, draw the phylogeny Amino Acid Locus Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I Val His Leu Val Glu Glu His Val Glu His II Val His Leu Lys Glu Glu His Val Glu His III Val His Leu Val Glu Glu His Val IV Val His Leu Val Arg Trp Ala Cys Met Asp Amino Acid Locus Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I Val His Leu Val Glu Glu His Val Glu His II Val His Leu Lys Glu Glu His Val Glu His III Val His Leu Val Glu Glu His Val IV Val His Leu Val Arg Trp Ala Cys Met Asp Draw the phylogeny b Some strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus are significant pathogens. Methicillin is a powerful antibiotic that has been used to treat S. aureus infections. In one case, within six months of effectively using that antibiotic to treat infections in a community, all new infections were caused by bacteria resistant to the drug. How can this be explained? a. S. aureus can resist vaccines b. A patient must have become infected with the resistant bacteria from another community c. In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug-resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug. d. Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and because of that characteristic, they increased in frequency e. The drug caused the S. aureus DNA to change Based on the information in slide 9, how many times did HIV-1 “jump” from non-human primates to humans? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five In the Video, “Judgment Day” the legal issue was a. Can the military discriminate on the basis of sex? b. Can churches exclude individuals of other faiths from their congregations? c. Can schools require that evolution be excluded from the science curriculum? d. Can a school board require that students be given an opportunity to learn about intelligent design theory? e. Can the government permanently sterilize individuals who have been judged to be mentally incompetent [Show More]

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