Ultimate AP Psychology Exam Review, Questions with answers. 2022

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Ultimate AP Psychology Exam Review, Questions with answers. 2022 What did Socrates and Plato believe about the origin of knowledge and the mind? - ✔✔Socrates and Plato believed that knowled... ge is innate and relearned, and that the mind is separate from the body and continues after death. Plato was an idealist. What did Aristotle believe about knowledge and the mind? - ✔✔Aristotle believed that knowledge comes from experience and observation. He based his hypotheses on empirical data. What did René Descartes believe about knowledge and the mind? What belief did he have that was unpopular at the time? - ✔✔René Descartes believed that the human mind was not observable, but the mind and the body interact. Descartes believed that the physical world followed rules, not controlled by a god. What did Francis Bacon believe about the mind and knowledge? - ✔✔Francis Bacon was a proponent of empirical science and focused primarily on the mind and memory. Who was John Locke, and what was his "catch-phrase"? - ✔✔John Locke was a philosopher and a proponent of empiricism. His "catch-phrase" was "tabula rasa" to describe his belief in the blank slate that people are born with. Who was Wilhelm Wundt and why was he significant? - ✔✔Wilhelm Wundt was a German scientist. He created the world's first psychology lab. What work did G. Stanley Hall and what did he do? - ✔✔G. Stanley Hall created the first American psychology lab after Wilhelm Wundt, his instructor. Who was Edward Titchener, and what school of psychology did he establish? What technique of examination did he encourage? - ✔✔Edward Titchener was the founder of the structuralist school of psychology. He supported introspection. What work did Charles Darwin do? - ✔✔Darwin publicized natural selection and evolutionary theory. Who was William James, and what school of psychology did he establish? - ✔✔William James was a psychologist, and he founded the functionalist school of psychology. Who was Mary Whiton Calkins, and what did she do? - ✔✔Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman to qualify for psychology at Harvard. She was a student of William James. Who was Margaret Floyd Washburn? What did she do? - ✔✔Margaret Floyd Washburn was the first woman to become a psychologist at Harvard. Define empiricism. Why is it so important? - ✔✔Empiricism is the theory that all knowledge derives from experience and observation from the senses. What is structuralism? What technique was used? Who founded the structuralist school? - ✔✔Structuralism was a school of psychology that emphasized studying the structure of the mind using introspection. Edward Titchener was the founder of structuralism. What was functionalism? Who was the founder of the functionalist school? - ✔✔Functionalists questioned how behavior processes function and encourage adaptation, survival and growth. William James was the founder of the functionalist school. What is experimental psychology? - ✔✔Experimental psychology is a field that conducts experiments to explain behavior and cognition. What is behaviorism? Who established the field? - ✔✔Behaviorists believe that only observable behavior is worth studying. John Watson established the school of behaviorism. What is humanistic psychology? - ✔✔Humanistic psychology is a school that emphasizes human growth and potential. What are the seven perspectives of psychology? - ✔✔The seven perspectives of psychology are: 1. Behavioral 2. Biological 3. Cognitive 4. Evolutionary 5. Humanistic 6. Psychodynamic 7. Social-cultural What does a psychometrician do? How are their skills applied to exams? - ✔✔A psychometrician conducts psychological testing and measurements. For an exam, a psychometrician will measure its reliability, validity, and fairness. What does a developmental psychologist do? - ✔✔A developmental psychologist focuses on physical, cognitive and emotional development during any stage of life. What does an educational psychologist do? - ✔✔Educational psychologists work with schools and other educators to find the best way to educate children. What does a personality psychologist do? - ✔✔Personality psychologists study the variation of personality among people and get to know people's major psychological processes. What does an industrial-organizational psychologist do? - ✔✔An industrial-organizational psychologist improves the efficiency of the workplace. What does a human factors psychologist do? - ✔✔A human factors psychologist uses psychological knowledge to design products and machines that are safe. What does a counseling psychologist do? - ✔✔A counseling psychologist helps in personal and interpersonal function. What does a clinical psychologist do? - ✔✔A clinical psychologist diagnoses and treats disorders that involve the body, the mind and the emotions. What does a positive psychologist do? - ✔✔A positive psychologist studies the strengths and virtues of individuals that enable optimal function. What does a community psychologist do? - ✔✔A community psychologist studies how individuals impact a community, and how a community impacts the individual. What does the biological perspective say? - ✔✔The biological perspective states that there are genetic explanations What does the cognitive perspective study? - ✔✔The cognitive perspective studies the effects of learning and the environment on our behavior and thoughts. What does the behavioral perspective say? - ✔✔The behavioral perspective says that thoughts and memories impact behavior. What does the social-cultural perspective say? - ✔✔The social-cognitive perspective says that ethnic and regional differences affect behavior and cognition. What is hindsight bias? - ✔✔Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe, after hearing the outcome, that you knew the right answer. What is overconfidence? - ✔✔Overconfidence occurs when a person is assured of an outcome and avoids thinking about it realistically. What are the 3 components of the scientific attitude? - ✔✔The three components of the scientific attitude are: 1. curiosity 2. skepticism 3. humility What is critical thinking? - ✔✔Critical thinking occurs when a person examines a claim, analyzes it, confirms it and questions it for bias. What is a theory? - ✔✔A theory is a compilation of several related ideas that intend to explain a larger, abstract idea. What is a hypothesis? - ✔✔A hypothesis is a prediction based on limited information that can be used in further investigation. What does an operational definition want to do? - ✔✔An operational definition seeks to tell a person specifically how to observe a specific step in an experiment. What are the independent and dependent variables in this statement? "Sleep improves memory." - ✔✔IV: amount of sleep DV: amount of memory retention What is the independent variable? - ✔✔The independent variable is the factor that is going to be controlled. What is the dependent variable? - ✔✔The dependent variable is the factor that is not controlled by the experiment. What are the independent and dependent variables in this statement? "Smiling makes more friends." - ✔✔IV: amount of smiles DV: number of new friends What is a case study? What are its benefits? What are its drawbacks? - ✔✔A case study is a close, in-depth examination of one person. It helps to find a person's problems. It does not represent anyone else's experiences. What is a naturalistic observation? What are its benefits? What are its drawbacks? - ✔✔A naturalistic observation is a test that the subjects do not know about. It helps to eliminate bias. It does not explain behavior. What is a survey? What are its benefits? What are its drawbacks? - ✔✔A survey is a widely distributed and anonymous questionnaire. It is cheap, anonymous, and is good for large groups. People can still lie or exaggerate. Define correlation. - ✔✔A correlation is a relationship between two or more values. What is a correlation coefficient? - ✔✔A correlation coefficient measures any type of relationship between two or more values. What is an illusory correlation? - ✔✔An illusory correlation occurs when someone perceives a relationship between two things, but the relationship does not exist. What is an experiment? - ✔✔An experiment is a test that proves causation. What is the experimental group? What is the control group? - ✔✔The experimental group receives the variable being tested. The control group does not receive the test variable. What are descriptive statistics? - ✔✔Descriptive statistics measure and describe the characteristics of a group. Is the mean, mode or median affected most by far out numbers? - ✔✔The mean is the most affected by data that exceeds the range. What does standard deviation measure? - ✔✔Standard deviation measures the amount of variability in a set of data. What percent of people are in the first standard deviation? The second? The third? - ✔✔68% of people fall in the first standard deviation. 95% of people fall in the second standard deviation. 98.8% of people fall within the third standard deviation. What are inferential statistics? - ✔✔Inferential statistics are collected and then an inference is made upon what the data means. Where did Aristotle believe the mind was located? - ✔✔Aristotle believed that the mind was located in the heart. Where did Plato believe that the mind was located? - ✔✔Aristotle believed that the mind was in the skull. What did Franz Gall believe that he could accomplish with phrenology? - ✔✔Franz Gall believed that studying bumps on the skull could reveal personality What is social facilitation? - ✔✔Social facilitation is a phenomenon that occurs when our performance is affected by the presence of others. What is social loafing? - ✔✔Social loafing is a person's tendency to work less when they are in a group and are not individually accountable. What is deindividuation? - ✔✔Deindividuation is the loss of a person's identity in a situation that promotes arousal and anonymity. What is group polarization? - ✔✔Group polarization is evident when people in a group all agree on their views, and their beliefs intensify over time. What is groupthink? - ✔✔Groupthink is a phenomenon in which people agree with others to preserve harmony in the group. It does not acknowledge alternate solutions or opinions. What is culture? - ✔✔Culture is a set of behaviors, ideas, attitudes and values shared and passed down by a group of people. What is a norm? - ✔✔A norm is a set of expected social behavior that is appropriate for each culture. Define conformity. - ✔✔Conformity is a person's tendency to adjust their thinking to match a group standard. What is normative social influence? - ✔✔Normative social influence is our desire to get approval and avoid disapproval. What is informational social influence? - ✔✔Informational social influence is when we change our thoughts to adjust to another person's view of reality. What is the chameleon effect? - ✔✔The chameleon effect is demonstrated when we involuntary copy others' behaviors. What did Stanley Milgram's experiments test? How is it significant? - ✔✔Stanley Milgram instructed authority figures to tell a subject to shock a person. People were highly influenced by the authority figure. This helps us understand the importance of obedience. Define social psychology. - ✔✔Social psychology is the study of a person's behavior in various social situations. What is the fundamental attribution error? - ✔✔The fundamental attribution error is a mistake that we make when we assume a person's natural disposition is how they act in one situation. Define attitude. - ✔✔Attitudes are feelings and beliefs that predispose our reactions. What is peripheral route persuasion? - ✔✔Peripheral route persuasion is a method that associates a product with another respected product. What is central route persuasion? - ✔✔Central route persuasion is a method that uses facts and statistics to promote a product. What is a dispositional attribution? - ✔✔A dispositional attribution style is when a person's behavior is associated with their traits as a person. What is a situational attribution? - ✔✔A situational attribution is when a person's behavior is associated with their situation, not their overall character. What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? - ✔✔The foot-in-the-door phenomenon occurs when a person is asked a small favor, increasing their likeliness for doing a larger favor in the future. What is a role? - ✔✔A role is an expected set of behaviors for a group of people. What is cognitive dissonance? - ✔✔Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person is wrong and tries to justify their actions. What was Philip Zimbardo's experiment, and what did it prove? - ✔✔Philip Zimbardo took college students and made some prisoners and some guards. He proved that people who play their roles can become them. What is psychopharmacology? - ✔✔Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the mind and behavior. What do antipsychotic drugs do? Are they agonists or antagonists? - ✔✔Antipsychotic drugs block the release of dopamine by imitating another molecule. They are antagonists. What do antianxiety drugs do? Are they agonists or antagonists? - ✔✔Antianxiety drugs slow nervous system activity and increase the amount of GABA. They are agonist drugs. What do antidepressant drugs do? Are they agonists or antagonists? - ✔✔Antidepressant drugs increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine. They are agonist drugs, and promote neurogenesis. What do mood stabilizers do? Are they agonists or antagonists? - ✔✔Mood stabilizers balance both serotonin and dopamine to regulate emotions. What is TMS and what are its benefits? - ✔✔rTMS (repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation) is an alternative to ECT that does not involve memory loss or sedation. What is deep brain stimulation? Who can benefit from this? - ✔✔Deep brain stimulation is an insertion of a chip in the limbic system that can help people with Parkinson's and severe depression. What is a lobotomy? What did it accomplish? - ✔✔A lobotomy was a form of psychosurgery that separated the frontal lobe from the limbic system. Many people sustained permanent damage, like Rosemary Kennedy. What is regression toward the mean, and when does it occur in people? - ✔✔Regression toward the mean occurs when a person on one extreme side of emotions and gradually returns to normal. What is meta-analysis? - ✔✔Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that compiles data from many different studies to produce one result. What is the therapeutic alliance? How does it help clients? - ✔✔The therapeutic alliance is the trusting relationship established between a client and their therapist. This helps a client feel understood and heard. What is resilience? - ✔✔Resilience is a person's ability to cope with stress and overcome challenges. What are three reasons that therapy may not be as effective as one may think? - ✔✔Three reasons that say that therapy may not be as effective: 1. People enter therapy in an absolute crisis. 2. Clients want to feel that therapy was worth it. 3. Clients generally want to speak well about therapists. Is a clinician's opinion on the success of a therapy totally reliable? - ✔✔No, a clinician's opinion is not totally reliable because their perception in a shorter period of time is completely different than the patient's experience or what they appear to express. Is psychotherapy effective? Why? - ✔✔Psychotherapy is effective because it increases the likelihood of improvement and decreases the chances of relapse. What are the three components of evidence-based practice? - ✔✔The three components of evidence-based practice are: 1. reliable research 2. clinical expertise 3. the patient's preferences/circumstances What is EMDR therapy, and how can it be beneficial? What do opponents argue? - ✔✔EMDR therapy tracks a client's eyes to identify anxiety and fear and resolve its causes. Opponents argue that the therapy only works as exposure therapy and cannot be used to improve the patient's life. What do social workers do? - ✔✔Social workers treat personal and family problems. What do clinical psychologists do? - ✔✔Clinical psychologists work on research and therapy. What do counselors do? - ✔✔Counselors have a wide range of jobs and need less schooling. What do behavioral therapies believe about self-awareness? - ✔✔Behavioral therapies believe that self-awareness is the key to understanding oneself. What is counterconditioning? - ✔✔Counterconditioning is a technique that uses classical conditioning to create new responses for stimuli that would normally result in bad behavior. What do exposure therapies do? - ✔✔Exposure therapies expose patients to the stimuli that they fear, and the fearful response diminishes over time. What is systematic desensitization? Who supported it and why? - ✔✔Systematic desensitization is a type of exposure therapy that replaces anxiety with relaxation. This was done because Joseph Wolpe thought that anxiety and relaxation could not be simultaneous. What is aversive conditioning? What method is its opposite? - ✔✔Aversive conditioning is a method that associates an unpleasant stimuli with an unwanted behavior. The opposite of this is systematic desensitization. What is a token economy, and how can it be useful? - ✔✔A token economy is a reward system where someone is given a coin for each good behavior. They delay their gratification by saving up to buy rewards with their coins. What is cognitive theory? How is a depressed person affected by this, for example? - ✔✔Cognitive theory is an idea that a person's thinking explains their feelings. A depressed person will think negatively of themselves, and thus feel negatively. What does Albert Ellis's REBT (rational-emotive behavior therapy) help people to do? - ✔✔REBT helps people to understand that their illogical thoughts and self-defeating behaviors lead to more trouble. What did Aaron Beck discover about the dreams of depressed people? - ✔✔Aaron Beck discovered that depressed peoples' dreams had themes of loss, rejection and hopelessness. He let them discover their illness. [Show More]

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