Political Science, Complete study set, comprehensive, rated A

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Political Science, Complete study set, comprehensive, rated A Affirmative action - ✔✔government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices again specified groups by making spec... ial efforts to prodive members of these groups with access to educational and emplpyment opportunities Anti-federalists - ✔✔those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government and were opponents of the constitution Authoritarian system (government) - ✔✔a system of rule in which the government recognize no formal limit but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions Block grants - ✔✔federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent Boston Massacre - ✔✔The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans Boston Tea Party - ✔✔A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. Bourgeoisie - ✔✔A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It's a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It's characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture. Categorical grants - ✔✔congressional grants given to states and localities in the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by the law Checks and balances - ✔✔mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches; major examples include the presidential veto power over congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review of congressional enactment Civil liberties - ✔✔areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference Civil rights - ✔✔obligation imposed on government to take a positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens Civil Rights Act - ✔✔(1964) law under Johnson that made segregation illegal in all public facilities, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Commerce clause - ✔✔Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states and with the Indigenous Tribes The Commerce Clause can be found in _______ of the Constitution - ✔✔Article 1, Section 8 The Clause of Commerce can be interrupted by ________ in favor of national power over the economy - ✔✔the Supreme Court Commercial speech - ✔✔Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than many other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court. Confederation - ✔✔a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegate to the national government Connecticut or Great Compromise - ✔✔The agreement that the national legislature of the United States would have two houses, with representation in one based on population, and equal representation per state in the other, was called the ______ Cooperative federalism - ✔✔a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as "intergovernmental cooperation" Cruel and unusual punishment - ✔✔Court sentences prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Although the Supreme Court has ruled that mandatory death sentences for certain offenses are unconstitutional, it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. Defamation - ✔✔Act of harming or ruining another's reputation Democratic system - ✔✔a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials Dual federalism - ✔✔the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the shared Eminent domain - ✔✔the right of government to take private property for public use Equal protection clause - ✔✔citizens are guaranteed "the equal protection of the laws"; this clause has served as the basis for civil rights of African Americans, women, and other group The equal protection clause is the ______ amendment - ✔✔fourteenth Establishment clause - ✔✔"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion"; this law means that a "wall of separation" exists between church and state The Establishment clause is the ____ amendment - ✔✔first Exclusionary rule - ✔✔the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment Expressed powers - ✔✔specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the president Federalism - ✔✔a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between the central (national) and regional (state) government/s Federalists - ✔✔those who favor a strong national government and supported the constitution proposed at the Americana Constitutional Convention of 1787 Fighting words - ✔✔speech that directly incites damaging conduct First Continental Congress took place on - ✔✔September 5 to October 26, 1774 First Constitutional Convention was held - ✔✔May 14, 1787 Formula grants - ✔✔Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. Free exercise clause a.k.a the - ✔✔First amendment French-Indian War - ✔✔in 1754 the British were trying to evict the French from the land west of the Appalachian Mountains - the British won - there were still land restrictions bc of the threat of the native americans - end of salutary neglect Full faith and credit clause - ✔✔requires the state normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state Full faith and credit clause is provision from _________ of the constitution - ✔✔Article IV (4), Section 1 Gay rights - ✔✔Historically, the United States has struggled with majority rule and the extension of minority rights. As a result of this struggle, the government has increasingly extended civil rights to marginalized groups and broadened opportunities for participation. Grants in aid - ✔✔money given by the national government to the states Home rule - ✔✔allows cities to write their own charters, choose their own type of government, and manage their own affairs Intolerable Acts - ✔✔series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party The Supreme Court asserted the power of Judicial review in - ✔✔Marbury v. Madison (1803) Laissez-faire capitalism - ✔✔An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated by for profit with minimal or no government interference Lemon test - ✔✔The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion. Libel - ✔✔A written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory" Liberty - ✔✔Freedom from governmental control Miranda rule - ✔✔The requirement that persons under arrest must be informed prior to people interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit to legal counsel The Miranda rule was articulated but the ____________ in ___________ (1966) - ✔✔Supreme Court; Miranda v. Arizona Necessary and proper clause - ✔✔Congress has to the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed powers [Show More]

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