GCE History A Y218/01: International relations 1890-1941 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021

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(a) Which caused more problems for the Paris Peace Conference of 1919? (i) The aims of France (ii) The aims of Great Britain Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). In arguing ... the aims of France caused more problems for the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, answers might consider that the very different experience of France during the war from that of her allies made her more determined to weaken Germany and therefore less willing to enter into a spirit of compromise. France wished, ideally, to dismantle the Germany created in 1871 which was not the aim of her partners. • Answers might consider that the determination of France to weaken Germany left her less concerned than Britain, for example, in using Germany as a barrier against the spread of Bolshevism. • Answers might consider that French animosity to Germany left her determined to refuse to pursue the concept of self-determination in relation to Germany despite America seeing that concept as the foundation of her peace plans. • Answers might consider that Germany’s invasion of France in both 1870 and 1914 left her equally opposed to America’s wish for disarmament. • Answers might consider that French animosity towards Germany and her desire for revenge ruined any chance of treating the newly democratic Germany in a spirit which might bring lasting peace to Europe. • In arguing the aims of the Great Britain caused more problems, answers might consider that Britain’s determination to gain reparations were, equally, a major factor in alienating Germany. 10 • No set answer is expected. • Judgement must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Only credit material relevant to ‘problems for the Paris Peace Conference’. • Answers may deal with each factor in turn, then compare them to reach a judgement, or make a continually comparative approach. Either approach is acceptable. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation. It should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark scheme.Y218/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 • Answers might consider that Britain’s concern for the defence of her empire left her unwilling to cooperate genuinely in the establishment of self-determination and the pursuit of disarmament. • Answers might consider the concern Britain had to prevent French domination in Europe despite her wartime alliance with her. • Answers might consider that Britain’s concern to prevent the spread of Bolshevism left her unable to understand French fear of German revenge. • Answers might consider the British desire to ensure American help left her prepared to offend other wartime allies such as Japan and Italy.Y218/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 1 (b)* ‘Italian foreign policy during the years from 1935 to 1941 did nothing but encourage the outbreak and expansion of World War II in Europe.’ How far do you agree? In arguing Italian foreign policy during the years 1935-41 did nothing but encourage the outbreak and expansion of World War II in Europe, answers might consider that it was only after the rupture of the Stresa Front following Italy’s attack on Abyssinia that Hitler was prepared to risk openly overturning the Paris and Locarno settlements. • Answers might consider that Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War was much more significant than that of any other foreign power and that this conflict [Show More]

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