Research HESI Flowers 5, Research HESI - Flowers 4, Research HESI Flowers 3, Research HESI Flowers 2, research HESI Flowers

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Research HESI Flowers 5, Research HESI - Flowers 4, Research HESI Flowers 3, Research HESI Flowers 2, research HESI Flowers A researcher obtains consent from a person with a recent traumatic brain ... injury (TBI) to observe the person and test her at intervals, using cognitive survey instruments. The person has not yet regained the ability to speak, and can understand and obey only simple commands. She nods yes, and shakes her head for no. The subjects husband, who has the authority to consent for his wife because he has legal power of attorney for health care, is consented for the study, and the patient is asked to assent.. Does this fulfill the requirements for consenting someone with diminished capabilities? Why or why not? (Select all that apply.) ANS: Yes, it does. The prospective subject can understand only simple commands but, because of her TBI, she is not competent to consent. The subject is asked to assent in case she has an opinion about this and might understand the purpose of the study. Eliciting her cooperation is wise in either case. In the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study, 22 patients were injected unknowingly with a suspension containing live cancer cells that had been generated from human cancer tissue. What ethical principles apply here? (Select all that apply.) ANS: Beneficence Self-determination Fair treatment Monica is a nurse researcher. She completes her paperwork for an institutional review board (IRB). Her application for approval is returned to her, with comments as to how it should be revised and resubmitted. Which of the following comments are within the scope of the IRB? (Select all that apply.) ANS: You have failed to provide a copy of your survey. Please do so. b. Your study protocol does not provide information on potential risks to anonymity. Please indicate this in Section 1g. You have not included information about the risk-to-benefit ratio of this research. Please do so. Which of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply.) ANS: If electronic medical records had not been invented, HIPAA would not have been necessary. c. Data held by health insurance companies sparked the emergence of HIPAA. Ethics and HIPAA regulations overlap in the area of anonymity. Research articles may be considered fraudulent in which of the following instances? (Select all that apply.) ANS: The person who designed the study and performed all of the research is not mentioned as an author. b. The authors hired someone other than themselves to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. The authors used another researchers raw data without permission. What is the best research approach for investigating the actual representation of Hispanic managers within health care institutions, and the workplace beliefs and prejudices that perpetuate their disproportionate representation? ANS: Triangulated approach What is the principal disadvantage of triangulated research? ANS: The time required to complete a triangulated project is approximately double that of completing one that utilizes only one method. Causality is tested through which of the following? ANS: Experimentation Why is selection of an appropriate design for a research study important? ANS: If the design is an incorrect one, the researcher will examine variables and their interactions in a way that does not answer the research question Thirty patients with psoriasis are treated with ultraviolet light B phototherapy, delivered by a therapist. Their symptoms become worse at first, and then improve. During the summer their symptoms become better without treatment. Then fall arrives, and symptoms worsen. Patients go back to UVL B, and they improve. Why, according to Hume, can the relationship between UVL B phototherapy and symptom severity not be considered a classically causal one? ANS: The cause (phototherapy) has to be present whenever the effect occurs. John Stuart Mills insistence that in order for causation to be demonstrated, there must be no alternative explanation for why a change in one variable leads to a change in the other variable. This concept of alternative explanations is the idea that underlies which type of validity? ANS: External validity John Stuart Mill and the essentialists insisted that a cause be necessary and sufficient for an effect to occur. In a modern study alcohol dependency is found to lead eventually to permanent liver damage, except when the alcoholic consumes a diet plentiful in the B-vitamins. In addition, liver damage can emerge in the absence of alcohol dependency. What would John Stuart Mill and essentialists say about the causative relationship between alcohol dependency and liver damage? ANS: The proposed cause is neither necessary nor sufficient. Random selection of 300 subjects yields a sample, but demographic analysis of that sample reveals that there are 99 teachers in the sample, despite the fact that there are far fewer than 33% teachers in the total sample. The sample can be said to be ANS: Biased The researcher divides his lab rats into two groups and administers IV methamphetamine to one of the groups, in order to determine its effect on the fear-flight response. This is an example of which of the following? ANS: Control A researcher is comparing a new and less expensive treatment with an established treatment, in hopes of showing that there is no difference in outcome. The researcher does not perform a power analysis and, consequently, selects a sample size that is smaller than what would be recommended for an analysis of variance. The results show that there is no significant difference in outcome between the two treatments. Which type of validity is affected by this? ANS: Statistical conclusion validity A researcher is comparing a new and less expensive treatment with an established treatment, in hopes of showing that there is no difference in outcome. The researcher does not perform a power analysis and, consequently, selects a sample size that is smaller than what would be recommended for an analysis of variance. The results show that there is a significant difference in outcome between the two treatments, and that the new treatment has poorer outcomes. What is the negative result of the researchers decision to use a smaller sample? ANS: There is no negative result. A researcher tests a new intervention for nausea associated with chemotherapy, in hospitalized patients. At the same time a new over-the-counter medication containing natural herbs is marketed aggressively, and some of the hospital patients are given this herbal remedy by their families. This is a threat to which type of validity? ANS: Internal validity . If a researcher plans to study graduate-level achievement in all students who were educated under the Vermont public school system, in a small town that used both state-mandated texts and enrichment texts of the school boards choosing, the researcher would be using a fairly small sample, bound by geography and time. Which type of validity is decreased by a study like this one? ANS: External validity What is the essential difference between a control group and a comparison group? ANS: A control group is randomly assigned. A comparison group is not A school nurse researcher studying bullying discovers that the type of victimization she is observing is different for different racial groups and genders within her school district. She wants to study the effect of peer support on bullying and chooses to make sure that the experimental and control groups, although randomly assigned, contain equal percentages of children of all races. What does this strategy exemplify? ANS: Blocking A researcher uses matching to constitute his control group, while performing a study on psychotherapy as an adjunct treatment for substance addiction. What type of validity might be enhanced by matching, in this instance? ANS: Internal validity Immediately after the intervention in an experimental study of the negative effects of smoking tobacco, the state tax on cigarettes increases the cost from $4 to $8 per pack. Which threat to internal validity does this pose? ANS: History Subjects in a multiple group experimental study are tested for how much time it takes them to navigate a maze and find the chocolate. The maze is reconstructed after each run, and three different floor plans are used. Each group is tested eight times in eight hours. at a different time of day. The runs later in the day have faster times than the earlier ones. Which threat to internal validity might account for this difference? ANS: Maturation A researcher believes that therapy is more effective if patients exercise. He tells his patients that he has arranged for them to use the hospital gym, if they so desireand that if they are interested, they will then be in the experimental group. This represents which threat to internal validity? ANS: Selection What is the antidote to the carryover effect? ANS: Counterbalancing What is the best research approach for investigating the actual representation of male labor-delivery nurses within healthcare institutions and the workplace beliefs and prejudices that perpetuate their disproportionate representation? ANS: Mixed methods approach A researcher tests the effect of a new laparoscopic treatment for chronic shoulder dislocation. The results are statistically significant, and the researcher states in his findings that there is evidence that the treatment has promise for widespread application. A subsequent replication study fails to show statistical significance. A third study produces the same effects as the second. What is the most likely explanation here? ANS: Type I error occurred in the first study. How does a comparative descriptive design differ from a typical descriptive design? ANS: It describes data from two different groups, whereas a typical descriptive design focuses on a single group. Why is the threat of subject attrition more problematic in longitudinal designs than in other types of descriptive research? ANS: Data collection occurs over a much longer period of time. What do cross-sectional designs, trend designs, and event-partitioning designs have in common? ANS: They all focus on change over time. The difference between a randomized block design and the more modern variant of including the extraneous variable in a multivariate analysis is which of the following? ANS: The potentially extraneous variable is treated as an ordinal variable in the randomized block design but can be considered as a ratio or interval variable in a multivariate analysis. A factorial design study measures the effect upon hemoglobin levels of four independent variables, each administered randomly and independently. How many distinct groups are there in this factorial design? ANS: 16 Nurses who give discharge teaching to patients after colonoscopy call these patients the day after the procedure to check on their status. At that time, patients who have had polyps removed invariably ask how long it will be until they receive their results. The nurses decide to design a study in which they will change their discharge teaching, in order to include information about the timeframe for biopsy results, and measure the results, comparing them with the results for the next month, before the change. Which of the following types of research will they use? ANS: Quasi-experimental Several television programs, such as American Idol, allows viewers to text in votes for their favorite performer. From a research point of view, this is what kind of a design? ANS: Survey If a one-group pretest-posttest study uses subjects as their own controls, which is the study design? ANS: Quasi-experimental Identify the type of research design employed in the following study: In order to determine nursing students stress throughout the four semesters of the major, nursing students in all four semesters were surveyed as class groups at the mid-point of two contiguous semesters of coursework. Stress was assessed by a researcher-composed quantitative questionnaire. ANS: Event-partitioning design Why does testing of a hypothesized causal model require a large sample? ANS: Many variables are present, so sample size must be large. A studys hypothesis that a new surgical approach produces safer outcomes in immunosuppressed patients is tested in a fourteen-site research study across the United States. Subjects at all sites are randomly selected and randomly assigned to experimental versus control groups. What study design is used in this research project? ANS: Randomized controlled trial All of the following statements related to sample size are true characteristics of qualitative methodology except for which of the following? ANS: When asked to indicate in an institutional review board (IRB) proposal how large the sample will be, the qualitative researcher should indicate between 25 and 50 subjects to capture an adequate sample. A clinical nurse at a large urban hospital has decided to conduct a descriptive qualitative study related to staff nurses perceptions of the causes of various types of violence against nurses in their facility. As part of his research design, he hosts a series of focus groups with staff nurses during each of three shifts. What is considered the main advantage of using a focus group strategy as opposed to one-on-one interviews for data collection? ANS: Individuals who are alike on some characteristic are more likely to feel safer or less anxious expressing their views, especially with difficult experiences, when participating in a focus group rather than in a one-on-one interview In addition to sample bias and ethical issues (e.g., securing consent, assuring anonymity, and protecting site security), a third concern about factors that may affect the credibility of Internet-mediated study findings is ANS: Reliability and validity of data, although terms most often applied to quantitative research, might be an issue since the researcher cant verify whether or not participants meet inclusion criteria for the study Sampling in outcomes studies differs from that in traditional quantitative research in several ways. Which of the following is true? ANS: A heterogeneous sample is preferred Which of the following is a prospective cohort study? ANS: The citizens of a city experiencing a nuclear accident are tracked for cancer occurrence. A hospital has recently converted to an 80% BSN staff policy. In service of this goal, all newly hired nurses are expected to hold at least a bachelors degree in nursing. Within the area of outcomes research, the variable educational preparation of nurses is what kind of a variable? ANS: Structure of care A study examines the careers of hospital nurses who opt for retirement before the age of 55, examining their education, work shift, and final work area, and the religion in which they were raised. This is an example of which type of study? ANS: Retrospective cohort A nurse manager designs a research study to examine nurse workload stress, work shift, number of years in the nursing profession, number of medication errors, patient falls, and after-shift overtime, as the relate to one another. What is the most likely method the manager will use to study this? ANS: Multilevel analysis Intervention research shifts the focus from causal connection to causal explanation. What does this mean? ANS: It provides theoretical explanations of why an independent variable produces an effect, rather than merely reporting findings Why may intervention research involve the efforts of an entire project team? ANS: It is rare for one person to be imaginative, clinically current, expert at marketing, skilled in statistics, and adept at both quantitative and qualitative research . The presence of drop-down oxygen masks on airplanes represents the process of intervention research. During their development, a prototype was designed and refined. What was the final stage of the testing process for drop-down oxygen masks? ANS: Testing of oxygen masks was initiated on several actual consumer airline flights. Why is treatment fidelity such a major concern in intervention research? ANS: Intervention research can take place over many months. It is important for internal validity that the intervention be applied in the same way every time. In the following hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? There is no measurable difference in incidence of acne in 15-year-olds who are placed on a chocolate-free diet. ANS: Acne What is the relationship between a conceptual definition and an operational definition? ANS: The operational definition allows the researcher to create a measurable variable from a concept; the conceptual definition does no In the following research question, what is the independent variable? Can diabetics on oral antiglycemic medications achieve better control of blood sugar, as measured by Hgb A1C, if they are taught to meditate and do this on a daily basis? ANS: Meditation Which of the following are the research variables in this study? (Select all that apply.) ANS: Verbal skills Fear of separation from parents Length of hospital stay Which of the following could be a dependent variable in an experimental study? (Select all that apply.) ANS: The number of times the gerbil rings the bell c. 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