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Tai Sophia Institute|Micronutrients Final Study Guide Test Bank, Latest Complete

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Micronutrients Final Study Guide Final Exam: Your final exam will be 120 multiple choice questions drawn from: • Chapter 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 & 14 in Gropper (91 questions)* • Module 13 online re... ading content (see notes for required sections thereof in Module 13) (19 questions) • Module 14 Nutritional Supplement Quality Presentation (5 questions) • Module 15- Gropper Perspective section- Nutrient-Drug Interactions- Ch. 13 pp. 544-546 (5 questions) You will have 4 hours to complete the exam and there is only one attempt permitted. * These questions are distributed approximately equally across the chapters and will focus on clinically relevant information and not on specific/highly detailed information about mechanisms of action or specific RDAs or doses required. There will be questions on how nutrients interact with each other and on their functions, as well as deficiency and toxicity signs and symptoms/diseases. A good way to review is to go back over prior quizzes from these chapters in Gropper. Question 1 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text When water-soluble vitamins are consumed in excess of body needs, generally the excess is: Select one: a. excreted in the feces. b. stored in liver, bone, and adipose tissue. c. excreted in the urine. d. not absorbed. Feedback excreted in the urine. Question 2 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text A major function of B vitamins is to serve as: Select one: a. antibodies. b. a source of energy. c. a part of a coenzyme. d. electrolytes. Feedback a part of a coenzyme. Question 3 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Most animals synthesize their own ascorbic acid from _____. Select one: a. glucose b. glutamine c. glycogen d. alanine Feedback glucose Question 4 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text When ascorbic acid becomes dehydroascorbic acid it has _____. Select one: a. lost 2 electrons b. lost 1 electron c. gained 2 electrons d. gained 1 electron Feedback lost 2 electrons Question 5 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Vitamin C acts as a cofactor by maintaining iron in a reduced state in: Select one: a. collagen synthesis. b. methylation of homocysteine. c. release of energy from nutrients. d. red blood cell synthesis. Feedback collagen synthesis. Question 6 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Although excess absorbed ascorbic acid is excreted in urine, the body has an estimated maximal body pool of about _____, which can be maintained with intakes of 100-200 mg vitamin C per day. Select one: a. 500 mg b. 1000 mg c. 1500 mg d. 2000 mg Feedback 2000 mg Question 7 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which water-soluble vitamin contributes to “intracellular cement” in the formation of scar tissue and wound healing? Select one: a. thiamin b. riboflavin c. vitamin C d. vitamin B12 Feedback vitamin C Question 8 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following molecules synthesized with the help of vitamin C underscores the importance of vitamin C to fat metabolism? Select one: a. carnitine b. collagen c. tyrosine d. norepinephrine Feedback carnitine Question 9 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Ascorbic acid provides a reducing equivalent so that iron is in the _____ form in lysyl hydroxylase. Select one: a. ferric b. ferrous Feedback ferrous Question 10 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Without enough vitamin C, collagen would _____. Select one: a. be too tightly coiled b. be over-hydroxylated c. be under-hydroxylated d. too strong and less flexible Feedback be under-hydroxylated Question 11 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text A primary function of vitamin C is to act as an: Select one: a. antiviral agent. b. antioxidant. c. antirachitic agent. d. acyl transferase. Feedback antioxidant. Question 12 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Vitamin C’s actual participation in biochemical reactions usually involves its antioxidant ability. Choose the description of this activity. Select one: a. Donates an electron or electrons to oxidize a mineral cofactor b. Accepts an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor c. Donates an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor d. Accepts an electron from the quinone form of vitamin E Feedback Donates an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor Question 13 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in _____ is believed to be the reason that people with scurvy have no energy and are very tired. Select one: a. collagen synthesis b. creatine synthesis c. hormone activation d. carnitine synthesis Feedback carnitine synthesis Question 14 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The RDA for vitamin C for adult men is _____ and the UL is _____. Select one: a. 75 mg, 500 mg b. 100 mg, 500 mg c. 90 mg, 2000 mg d. 200 mg, 2000 mg Feedback 90 mg, 2000 mg Question 15 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Ascorbic acid may act as a pro-oxidant by: Select one: a. reducing ferrous iron. b. mobilizing ferric iron from storage. c. reacting with transferrin-bound iron. d. reducing dehydroascorbic acid. Feedback mobilizing ferric iron from storage. Question 16 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text A major role for thiamin is: Select one: a. energy transformation. b. blood coagulation. c. collagen formation. d. erythrocyte synthesis. Feedback energy transformation. Question 17 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Thiamin is important to fatty acid synthesis due to its requirement as a coenzyme for the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme _____. Select one: a. dopamine monooxygenase b. transketolase c. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase d. phenylalanine hydroxylase Feedback transketolase Question 18 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text A consequence of thiamin deficiency is: Select one: a. pellagra. b. megaloblastic anemia. c. beriberi. d. rickets. Feedback beriberi. Question 19 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Erythrocyte transketolase activity is an assay to assess the status of: Select one: a. thiamin. b. B6. c. riboflavin. d. B12. Feedback thiamin. Question 20 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The most common tests of thiamin status include all the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. static tests of urinary thiamin metabolites. b. a static test of serum thiamin. c. an in vitro functional test of RBC enzyme. d. in vivo functional tests. Feedback in vivo functional tests. Question 21 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Riboflavin coenzymes remain bound to their enzymes during the oxidation-reduction reactions and the complexes are called _____. Select one: a. apoenzymes b. flavokinases c. bound enzymes d. flavoproteins Feedback flavoproteins Question 22 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Cheilosis is a symptom of a dietary deficiency of which vitamin? Select one: a. niacin b. ascorbic acid c. riboflavin d. biotin Feedback riboflavin Question 23 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text When the diet is adequate in protein, the body can synthesize niacin from which amino acid? Select one: a. phenylalanine b. valine c. tyrosine d. tryptophan Feedback tryptophan Question 24 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which vitamin has a reduced coenzyme form important for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis that is a product of the pentose phosphate pathway? Select one: a. niacin b. thiamin c. riboflavin d. vitamin C Feedback niacin Question 25 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which classical vitamin deficiency is known for the four Ds: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death? Select one: a. thiamin b. niacin c. biotin d. folic acid Feedback niacin Question 26 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the water-soluble vitamins is found widely distributed in all plant and animal foods, which makes a deficiency unlikely? Select one: a. riboflavin b. folic acid c. pantothenic acid d. pyridoxine Feedback pantothenic acid Question 27 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin? Select one: a. pyridoxal phosphate b. pantothenic acid c. vitamin E d. folic acid Feedback pantothenic acid Question 28 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which three vitamins are involved in the synthesis of fatty acids? Select one: a. biotin, vitamin D, thiamin b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin c. niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid d. riboflavin, B12, folate Feedback niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid Question 29 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Biotin must be covalently bound to each of four different enzymes in order for them to carry out _____. Select one: a. decarboxylations b. oxidation-reduction reactions c. transfer of acetate groups d. carboxylations Feedback carboxylations Question 30 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text A deficiency of what vitamin is associated with these symptoms: hallucinations, lethargy, skin rash, alopecia, and muscle pain? Select one: a. biotin b. thiamin c. vitamin C d. vitamin B12 Feedback biotin Question 31 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Folate in foods can only be absorbed in the monoglutamate form; therefore, digestive enzymes called _____ are important for folate nutriture. Select one: a. hydrolases b. lipases c. conjugases d. legumes Feedback conjugases Question 32 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text To absorb folate consumed from green, leafy vegetables, _____. Select one: a. phosphate groups much be removed by the action of alkaline phosphatase b. glutamate must be transaminated to form alpha-ketoglutarate c. glutamic acid molecules must be removed d. glutamic acid molecules must be added Feedback glutamic acid molecules must be removed Question 33 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Carbon in the one-carbon pool can be in the 5-methyl-THF form or the 5,10-methylene-THF form. Which statement is FALSE? Select one: a. Both forms of carbon (methyl and methylene) can be used directly for thymidylate synthesis. b. The methylene group of 5,10-methylene-THF can be oxidized to generate 5-methyl-THF and vice versa. c. B12 is a cofactor for utilization of the methyl group in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. d. More than one is false. Feedback More than one is false. Question 34 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following reflects long-term folate status? Select one: a. serum folate b. red blood cell folate c. homocysteine concentration in blood d. serum methylmalonic acid Feedback red blood cell folate Question 35 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The degradation of _____ provides the majority of one-carbon groups for pyrimidine synthesis. In this process _____ is formed. Select one: a. methionine, tetrahydrofolate b. serine, 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate c. uridine, tetrahydrofolate d. homocysteine, 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate Feedback serine, 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate Question 36 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In the enzyme methionine synthase, vitamin B12 acts by accepting a _____ group from _____ and donating this group to _____ to form methionine. Select one: a. carbon, methionine, folate b. methyl, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, homocysteine c. methyl, formiminoglutamic acid, succinyl-CoA d. carbon, serine, glycine Feedback methyl, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, homocysteine Question 37 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which is NOT a fate of homocysteine in the cell? Select one: a. methylated to methionine b. used to restore tetrahydrofolate c. used to synthesize cysteine d. used in the synthesis of leucine Feedback used in the synthesis of leucine Question 38 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text 5-methyl THF requires the action of which vitamin in order to form THF? Select one: a. B12 b. B2 c. niacin d. C Feedback B12 Question 39 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Elevated homocysteine levels can be due to all the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. low ascorbic acid. b. low folacin. c. low cobalamin. d. low pyridoxine. Feedback low ascorbic acid. Question 40 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Methionine is used to synthesize S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Why is this important? Select one: a. so that 5-methyl THF is formed b. so that dUMP is catalyzed to dTMP c. so that fatty acids with an odd-numbered chain can be metabolized d. so that methyl groups are available Feedback so that methyl groups are available Question 41 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Folate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer because of its essential role in the synthesis of _____. Select one: a. lipid bilayers b. mitochondria c. lysosomes and peroxisomes d. purines and pyrimidines Feedback purines and pyrimidines Question 42 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Tetrahydrofolate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer and knowledge of this need is used in cancer treatment by giving the drug methotrexate to inhibit the enzyme _____. Select one: a. folylpolyglutamate synthetase b. dihydrofolate reductase c. formimino glutamate d. conjugase Feedback dihydrofolate reductase Question 43 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following would you find under B12-deficient conditions and the methyl trap hypothesis? Select one: a. accumulation of 5-methylene THF b. depletion of homocysteine c. accumulation of THF d. accumulation of 5-methyl THF e. more than one of the above Feedback accumulation of 5-methyl THF Question 44 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What amount of supplemental folic acid is recommended daily for women of childbearing age in the United States? Select one: a. 200 ug DFE b. 400 ug DFE c. 600 ug DFE d. 800 ug DFE Feedback 400 ug DFE Question 45 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Intrinsic factor is required for the majority of absorption of which vitamin? Select one: a. C b. B6 c. B12 d. B2 Feedback B12 Question 46 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the _____. Select one: a. duodenum b. jejunum c. ileum d. colon Feedback ileum Question 47 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The normal digestion and absorption of cobalamin requires adequate protein digestion in the stomach; the presence of 2 nonenzymatic proteins: _____; and a receptor located in the _____. Select one: a. R binders and hydrochloric acid, colon b. pepsin and hydrochloric acid, ileum c. R protein and intrinsic factor, ileum d. R protein and intrinsic factor, duodenum Feedback R protein and intrinsic factor, ileum Question 48 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the water-soluble vitamins is able to be stored and retained in the body for long periods of time? Select one: a. folic acid b. niacin c. thiamin d. B12 Feedback B12 Question 49 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Large amounts of folic acid can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency and prevent _____ from resulting. Over time the symptoms unique to a vitamin B12 deficiency will occur, and these are related to the _____. Select one: a. microcytic anemia, muscular system b. DNA and RNA synthesis, vascular system c. one-carbon transfer, nervous system d. macrocytic anemia, nervous system Feedback macrocytic anemia, nervous system Question 50 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which vitamin is most involved in amino acid metabolism? Select one: a. biotin b. vitamin E c. vitamin A d. vitamin B6 Feedback vitamin B6 Question 1 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the carotenoid pigments has the greatest vitamin A activity? Select one: a. alpha-carotene b. beta-carotene c. gamma-carotene d. delta-carotene Question 2 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Choose the food that is high in vitamin A palmitate. Select one: a. spinach b. liver c. carrots d. pumpkin Question 3 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the question. -A -B -C -D -E Which is retinyl palmitate? Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E Question 4 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the question. -A -B -C -D -E Which is retinoic acid? Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E Question 5 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the question. -A -B -C -D -E Which is β-carotene? Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E Question 6 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Formation of retinol from beta-carotene requires the presence of what B vitamin? Select one: a. ascorbic acid b. folic acid c. niacin d. pyridoxal phosphate Question 7 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What happens to retinal in the enterocyte? Select one: a. it is hydroxylated b. it is reduced to retinol c. it is transported into the portal blood d. 15, 15’ dioxygenase acts to form beta-carotene Question 8 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Choose the ONE correct statement. Select one: a. Beta-carotene is hydrolyzed in the jejunum before it is absorbed. b. Retinol does not need to form a micelle to cross the USW. c. Beta-carotene dioxygenase activity occurs in the lumen of the ileum. d. Retinol must be re-esterified to be carried in the chylomicron. Question 9 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In order to be carried in the chylomicron, retinol (once in the enterocyte) is _____. Select one: a. esterified by lecithin retinol acyl transferase b. converted to retinaldehyde by retinaldehyde reductase c. attached to a VLDL d. attached to an RXR receptor on the nucleus Question 10 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The majority of vitamin A is stored in the liver, while carotenoids are stored mainly in the _____ tissue. Select one: a. muscle b. eye c. adipose d. skin Question 11 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In what cells will you find most of the retinol and vitamin A stored? Select one: a. stellate b. gallbladder c. fundus d. antrum Question 12 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text How will retinol, once secreted from the liver, be found in the blood? Select one: a. attached to RBP and transthyretin b. attached to albumin c. attached to a chylomicron d. attached to RBP and stellate cells Question 13 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is needed for the visual cycle? Select one: a. 11-cis retinal b. 9-cis retinoic acid c. lycopene d. cryptoxanthin Question 14 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Instructions: Complete blank A with the choices given. Vitamin A functions in the visual cycle. This mechanism involves a vitamin A molecule called ____A_____, combining with ____B_____ to form ____C_____ . When photon energy strikes this molecule, it splits and causes a conformational change in the molecule, causing an electrical signal to be sent to the brain. Select one: a. rhodopsin b. 11-cis retinal c. all-trans retinal d. retinol e. opsin f. retinoic acid Question 15 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Instructions: Complete blank B with the choices given. Vitamin A functions in the visual cycle. This mechanism involves a vitamin A molecule called ____A_____, combining with ____B_____ to form ____C_____ . When photon energy strikes this molecule, it splits and causes a conformational change in the molecule, causing an electrical signal to be sent to the brain. Select one: a. rhodopsin b. 11-cis retinal c. all-trans retinal d. retinol e. opsin f. retinoic acid Question 16 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Instructions: Complete blank C with the choices given. Vitamin A functions in the visual cycle. This mechanism involves a vitamin A molecule called ____A_____, combining with ____B_____ to form ____C_____ . When photon energy strikes this molecule, it splits and causes a conformational change in the molecule, causing an electrical signal to be sent to the brain. Select one: a. rhodopsin b. 11-cis retinal c. all-trans retinal d. retinol e. opsin f. retinoic acid Question 17 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Within the nucleus, all trans-retinoic acid and/or 9-cis retinoic acid binds to _____. Select one: a. nuclear retinoic acid receptors b. mannosylated glycoproteins c. cell aggregates d. transcription factors Question 18 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Why is retinoic acid considered a hormone? Select one: a. It has receptors on the nucleus and causes a change in protein synthesis. b. It has a biologic function similar to insulin. c. It is synthesized in the same tissue that it affects. d. It causes the catabolism (break down) of body proteins. Question 19 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which vitamin directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells? Select one: a. riboflavin b. vitamin K c. vitamin E d. vitamin A Question 20 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)? Select one: a. cytosol b. nucleus c. mitochondria d. none of the above Question 21 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which vitamin is said to be essential for growth and immune system function? Select one: a. K b. A c. D d. E Question 22 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which is NOT related to the functions of vitamin A? Select one: a. neurological function b. growth c. immunity d. cell differentiation Question 23 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids. Select one: a. Carotenoids donate an electron to the singlet oxygen to make it stable. b. Carotenoids covalently bond with the singlet oxygen to make it stable. c. Carotenoids donate energy so that the excited electron returns to its orbital. d. Carotenoids absorb the extra energy that is held by the singlet oxygen. Question 24 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which is the strongest antioxidant? Select one: a. beta-carotene b. alpha-tocopherol c. beta-cryptoxanthin d. lycopene Question 25 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Would you recommend β-carotene supplementation to a smoker to decrease risk to lung cancer? Select one: a. Yes—β-carotene can quench singlet oxygen. b. Yes—smoking increases free radical formation; β-carotene can decrease free radicals. c. No—β-carotene supplements may be harmful to smokers and are their use is not advised for the general public. d. No—β-carotene supplements can cause a vitamin A toxicity and liver cirrhosis. Question 26 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Choose the phrase which best explains the following statement: “β-carotene is no magic bullet.” Select one: a. β-carotene does not decrease the reactivity of singlet oxygen molecules. b. β-carotene is not the only health-promoting molecule in fruits and vegetables. c. β-carotene supplements cannot be manufactured cheaply enough. d. β-carotene can replace vitamin E in terminating the auto-oxidation of fatty acids. Question 27 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which micromineral deficiency interferes with vitamin A metabolism by reducing retinol-binding protein? Select one: a. manganese b. zinc c. selenium d. iron Question 28 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which symptom of a vitamin A deficiency is most likely responsible for deficiency-related deaths? Select one: a. its function as a teratogen b. poor cellular differentiation and growth c. keratinization of the cornea d. severe infections Question 29 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text An individual with poor vitamin A status would have a _____ RDR than someone with a good vitamin A status. Select one: a. greater b. lesser Question 30 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which is the best technique to assess status of vitamin A liver stores? Select one: a. serum retinol levels b. the relative dose response c. clinical eye examinations Question 31 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Imagine you are a nutritionist working in a country other than the U.S. Which is an assumption about vitamin D status that is NOT true? Select one: a. The latitude makes a difference as regards how much vitamin D can be self-synthesized. b. Customs of dress make a difference as regards how much vitamin D can be self-synthesized. c. Cow’s milk is a reliable source of vitamin D in the food supply. d. Skin color makes a difference as regards how much sun is needed to synthesize vitamin D. Question 32 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which vitamin D molecule would you expect to see in fortified foods? Select one: a. ergocalciferol – vitamin D2 b. calcidiol – 25-OH D3 c. calcitriol – 1,25-OH2 D3 d. cholecalciferol – vitamin D3 Question 33 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text It’s a good thing that milk is fortified with vitamin D so that we can consume the RDA if we drink the recommended number of glasses of milk each day. The DRI for 9-69 year olds is 600 IU (15 g). This equals _____ cups of milk. Select one: a. two b. three c. four d. six Question 34 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What % of vitamin D from the diet is absorbed? Select one: a. 20 b. 30 c. 40 d. 50 Question 35 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be active vitamin D. The first hydroxylation occurs in the _____ to produce _____. Select one: a. liver, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol b. kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol c. skin, 7-dehydrocholesterol d. kidney, 1-hydrocholesterol Question 36 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What form of vitamin D is the major circulating form with a half-life of approximately 3 weeks? Select one: a. calcidiol b. calcitriol c. cholecalciferol d. vitamin D2 Question 37 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which vitamin is believed to function like a steroid hormone? Select one: a. choline b. vitamin A c. vitamin D d. vitamin E Question 38 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Choose the non-genomic effect of vitamin D. Select one: a. increased synthesis of calbindin b. bone accretion c. rapid calcium absorption d. intracellular cytosolic signal transduction Question 39 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The vitamin D response element (VDRE) is found Select one: a. on the enterocyte membrane. b. on the renal tubule. c. in the nucleus. d. in the pancreatic duct cell. Question 40 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which vitamin has as its primary function the maintenance of calcium homeostasis? Select one: a. A b. D c. E d. K Question 41 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Choose the correct order of the phrases below to explain the response of the body to a decline in serum calcium levels. Choose the BEST answer. -1. Increased release of PTH -2. Decreased release of PTH -3. Increased synthesis of calbindin -4. Increased synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2 D3 -5. Increased bone absorption -6. Increased calcium absorption -7. Decreased bone resorption -8. Increased calcium excretion -9. Increased bone resorption Select one: a. 1, 5, 4, 8 b. 1, 3, 5, 9 c. 2, 3, 9, 6 d. 1, 4, 3, 6 Question 42 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What vitamin is associated with diminished proliferation and enhanced differentiation of cells, which serves as a basis for its use as treatment of skin diseases such as psoriasis? Select one: a. A b. E c. K d. D Question 43 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The RDA for vitamin D for people over the age of 70 is _____ the RDA for teenagers. Select one: a. greater than b. less than c. equal to Question 44 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text If asked about the relationship of vitamin D to autoimmune disease, the best information for a dietetic professional to provide is: Select one: a. the evidence does not support a relationship at this time. b. the evidence is only in animals, not humans. c. evidence suggests that doses exceeding the RDA are toxic and should be avoided d. take a supplement containing 2000 IU vitamin D each day. Question 45 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text A deficiency of which vitamin is commonly associated with rickets? Select one: a. A b. D c. E d. K Question 46 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Toxicity of which vitamin is related to increased deposition of calcium in soft tissues? Select one: a. lipoic acid b. biotin c. D d. E Question 47 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What is a symptom of a vitamin D toxicity? Select one: a. hypercalcemia b. hypocalcemia c. rickets d. osteoporosis Question 48 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Sun exposure does not cause hypervitaminosis D because _____. Select one: a. cutaneous production of the vitamin reaches a maximum b. sunburned skin is not sensitive to the UV wavelength that causes previtamin D3 synthesis c. inactive products are synthesized from pre-vitamin D3 and D3 d. vitamin D-binding protein is not saturated with D3 Question 49 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In assessing the vitamin D status of an individual, which measure would you use? Select one: a. circulating 25-OH cholecalciferol b. circulating 1,25-OH2 cholecalciferol c. circulating cholecalciferol d. serum calcium levels Question 50 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which tocopherol form provides the most vitamin E activity in the U.S. food supply? Select one: a. alpha b. beta c. gamma d. delta uestion 1 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text All of the following are considered major electrolytes EXCEPT _____. Select one: a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. chloride Question 2 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is considered a major mineral in the body? Select one: a. iron b. sodium c. selenium d. iodine Question 3 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral is the most abundant cation in the human body? Select one: a. phosphorus b. magnesium c. calcium d. potassium Question 4 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Calcitriol can stimulate the absorption of calcium from the intestines by regulating _____and related proteins. Select one: a. calsequestrin b. calcitonin c. calmodulin d. calbindin Question 5 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Paracellular absorption of calcium Select one: a. relies on transmembrane proteins called claudins. b. requires a membrane channel protein called TRPV6. c. requires energy and is saturable. d. increases with low dietary calcium intakes. Question 6 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What substance can improve calcium absorption? Select one: a. lactose b. unabsorbed fatty acids c. phytic acid d. magnesium Question 7 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text _____ is secreted in response to low plasma calcium concentrations and acts on the kidney to increase synthesis of _____, which promotes renal reabsorption of calcium. Select one: a. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin b. Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol c. Calcitonin, calcitriol d. Calcitriol, calmodulin Question 8 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which cells are considered the bone-building cells? Select one: a. osteonectins b. osteopontins c. osteoclasts d. osteoblasts Question 9 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text During which period of the life cycle does peak bone mass occur? Select one: a. childhood b. puberty c. early adulthood d. middle age Question 10 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text The binding protein that regulates many of the calcium-dependent enzymes is: Select one: a. calcitonin. b. calmodulin. c. albumin. d. globulin. Question 11 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral, when combined with unabsorbed dietary fat, forms soaps that cannot be absorbed and are excreted in the feces? Select one: a. calcium b. sulphur c. potassium d. chloride Question 12 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text One health claim for calcium states that levels above _____ are unlikely to provide additional benefit. Select one: a. 800 mg/d b. 1000 mg/d c. 1200 mg/d d. 2000 mg/d Question 13 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text When serum albumin levels decline by 1 g/dL, serum calcium will decrease by _____. Select one: a. 0.4 mg/dL b. 0.8 mg/dL c. 1.0 mg/dL d. 0.5 g/dL Question 14 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text In the renal system, which mineral regulates body fluid pH by reacting with secreted hydrogen ions, releasing sodium ions in the process? Select one: a. sulphur b. magnesium c. calcium d. phosphorus Question 15 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which two minerals are the major part of the crystal, hydroxyapatite, formed in ossification of bone? Select one: a. sodium, chloride b. sulphur, magnesium c. calcium, phosphorus d. calcium, potassium Question 16 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus? Select one: a. calcitonin b. calcitriol c. parathyroid hormone d. insulin Question 17 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Phosphate balance is achieved largely by _____. Select one: a. renal excretion b. fecal excretion c. control of absorption by vitamin D d. control of absorption by phytates Question 18 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following minerals plays a major role in regulating body fluid pH? Select one: a. calcium b. magnesium c. sulphur d. phosphorus Question 19 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Malnourished individuals being refed who exhibit the “refeeding syndrome” may have low serum concentrations of _____. Select one: a. calcium b. sodium c. phosphorus d. chloride Question 20 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral is LEAST likely to be deficient in anyone's diet? Select one: a. calcium b. phosphorus c. iodine d. chromium Question 21 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral is part of the green chlorophyll pigment in green leafy vegetables? Select one: a. magnesium b. sodium c. potassium d. sulfur Question 22 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral participates in all aspects of energy metabolism including glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and the TCA cycle? Select one: a. calcium b. iron c. magnesium d. sulphur Question 23 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral has as its primary function to bind phosphate groups in ATP and ATP-dependent enzyme reactions? Select one: a. calcium b. magnesium c. potassium d. sodium Question 24 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which statement is false? Select one: a. About half of magnesium in the body is associated with the bones. b. Intracellular and serum magnesium levels are rigidly maintained. c. Magnesium in cells is associated with phospholipids and proteins. d. Magnesium metabolism is regulated by several hormones. Question 25 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. In muscle contraction, the roles of calcium and magnesium are antagonistic, with calcium promoting the process and magnesium being the inhibitor. b. Magnesium promotes phosphorus absorption. c. Calcium and magnesium promote each other’s reabsorption in the kidney. d. Calcium may cause an alteration in magnesium distribution by changing the flux of magnesium across the cell membrane or displacing it on its binding sites. Question 1 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which process gives the body the capacity to maintain constancy in the internal environment? Select one: a. osmotic pressure b. osmolality c. homeostasis d. acid-base balance Question 2 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Water accounts for what percentage of the body weight in a normal adult? Select one: a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80% Question 3 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid? Select one: a. intracellular b. extracellular c. total body water d. glomerular filtrate Question 4 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Colloid osmotic pressure attracts water into the plasma and is mainly due to _____. Select one: a. large protein molecules b. the pumping of the heart c. sodium ions d. chloride ions Question 5 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What is the major filtration force in the capillaries that is responsible for controlling movement of water from plasma to interstitial fluid and from interstitial fluid into plasma? Select one: a. colloid osmotic pressure b. theoretic osmotic pressure c. hydrostatic pressure d. effective osmotic pressure Question 6 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What percentage of blood volume is circulated through the kidneys? Select one: a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% Question 7 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which of the components comprising the nephron includes the capillary network called the glomerulus? Select one: a. collecting duct b. distal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. Bowman’s capsule Question 8 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume? Select one: a. hypothalamus and kidney b. liver and pancreas c. pancreas and kidney d. spleen and bone marrow Question 9 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is excreted as urine each day? Select one: a. 100% b. 50% c. 25% d. 1% Question 10 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which hormone, mediated by the enzyme renin, is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules? Select one: a. antidiuretic hormone b. aldosterone c. androsterone d. adrenocortical Question 11 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which hormone, stimulated by increased blood pressure stretching the heart, functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption to promote sodium excretion? Select one: a. vasopressin b. atrial natriuretic peptide c. aldosterone d. angiotensin II Question 12 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is NOT a cationic electrolyte of extracellular fluid? Select one: a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. bicarbonate Question 13 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text In which part of the nephron is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed? Select one: a. ascending loop of Henle b. distal convoluted tubule c. collecting ducts d. proximal tubule Question 14 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Dietary intake of which mineral correlates positively with blood pressure? Select one: a. magnesium b. calcium c. potassium d. sodium Question 15 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text A clinically useful parameter in establishing metabolic disorders that can alter electrolyte balance is: Select one: a. blood urea nitrogen. b. creatinine. c. homeostatic ion regulation. d. anion gap. Question 16 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Incidence of hypertension in populations is considered predictable by _____. Select one: a. serum sodium concentration b. urinary sodium excretion c. average daily sodium intake d. sodium filtration rate by the kidney Question 17 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text A food may be labeled “low sodium” if each serving provides Select one: a. less than 5 mg. b. less than 35 mg. c. less than140 mg. d. less than 240 mg. Question 18 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Significant loss of what mineral occurs when one exercises vigorously while the temperature is high? Select one: a. sulphur b. phosphorus c. sodium d. potassium Question 19 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral serves as the major intracellular fluid cation? Select one: a. calcium b. chloride c. sodium d. potassium Question 20 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which is the chief cation of intracellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels is essential to life of the cells? Select one: a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. bicarbonate Question 21 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular potassium is increased? Select one: a. hypernatremia b. hypokalemia c. hyperkalemia d. hyponatremia Question 22 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral is the most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid? Select one: a. sodium b. chloride c. phosphorus d. magnesium Question 23 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What is a major function of chloride? Select one: a. protein synthesis in cells b. the principal intracellular electrolyte c. wound healing d. maintenance of gastric acidity Question 24 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Acid-base balance refers to Select one: a. the ratio of acidic and basic foods consumed each day. b. the concentration of the bicarbonate ion in the red blood cells. c. the control of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids. d. homeostasis. Question 25 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is NOT one of the principal regulatory mechanisms for guarding against fluctuation in pH? Select one: a. temperature variation b. buffer systems c. respiratory center d. renal regulation Question 1 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the microminerals is considered essential for normal brain function? Select one: a. chromium b. fluorine c. vanadium d. manganese Question 2 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Iron content of the average Western diet is estimated to be about Select one: a. 1 to 4 mg iron per 1,000 kcal. b. 5 to 7 mg iron per 1,000 kcal. c. 8 to 15 mg/day. d. 18 g /day. Question 3 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following dietary substances inhibits uptake of non-heme iron? Select one: a. ascorbic acid b. lactic acid c. tea d. MFP Question 4 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Absorption of dietary iron is regulated by _____, produced by the liver when iron stores are high and released to the blood to act at the surface of enterocytes and macrophages. Select one: a. hepcidin b. hepaestin c. ferroportin d. hemoglobin Question 5 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral is critical for oxidizing iron to be bound by transferrin for delivery to the tissues from the gut and liver? Select one: a. zinc b. manganese c. copper d. chromium Question 6 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Where would you find iron regulatory element binding protein (IRE-BP)? Select one: a. cytosol b. nucleus c. mitochondria d. none of the above Question 7 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In the presence of low intracellular iron, the binding of iron regulatory protein (IRE-BP) to iron response elements (IRE) present on the ferritin mRNA: Select one: a. results in a decrease in ferritin abundance. b. results in an increase in ferritin abundance. c. occurs only when intracellular iron concentrations are high. d. doesn’t occur. Question 8 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The binding of iron by proteins defends the cells against Select one: a. iron deposition in kidneys and other organs. b. oxidative damage from free radicals. c. tissue hypoxia. d. stellate cells. Question 9 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which statement is false? Select one: a. Hemosiderin is the primary storage form of iron in cells. b. Iron is stored mainly in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen. c. Iron is released more slowly from hemosiderin than from ferritin. d. Ferritin is an unstable compound that is constantly being degraded and resynthesized. Question 10 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The following vitamins/ minerals are required for heme synthesis: Select one: a. vitamin E, vitamin C, and iron. b. folate, B12, and iron. c. B6, zinc, and iron. d. copper, zinc, and folate. Question 11 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral facilitates transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain? Select one: a. calcium b. nickel c. zinc d. iron Question 12 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Excessive intake of non-heme iron interferes with absorption of which mineral by an unknown mechanism? Select one: a. manganese b. zinc c. chromium d. selenium Question 13 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Hemoglobin and hematocrit are common measurements for assessment of nutriture for which mineral? Select one: a. iodine b. zinc c. chromium d. iron Question 14 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text ZIP4 Select one: a. mutations result in zinc toxicity due to acrodermatitis enteropathica. b. is the primary transporter of zinc into enterocytes. c. is expressed only in the liver. d. degrades more rapidly when zinc intakes are low. Question 15 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which trace mineral participates in the greatest number of enzyme systems? Select one: a. zinc b. iron c. selenium d. copper Question 16 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The enzyme that converts retinol to retinal and ethanol to acetyl-aldehyde contains 4 ____ atoms. Select one: a. copper b. iodine c. zinc d. iron Question 17 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Zinc is important for taste perception as a component of _____. Select one: a. carbonic anhydrase b. alcohol dehydrogenase c. gustin d. thionein Question 18 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text At the cellular level, which mineral interacts with vitamin A by promoting growth and helping to synthesize retinol-binding protein? Select one: a. cobalt b. zinc c. silicon d. chromium Question 19 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which vitamin may enhance copper reduction? Select one: a. niacin b. biotin c. ascorbic acid d. β-carotene Question 20 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following dietary components impedes copper absorption? Select one: a. gluconate b. phosphate c. citric acid d. phytic acid Question 21 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The protein that plays a dual function in both iron and copper homeostasis is: Select one: a. ferritin. b. transferrin. c. metallothionein. d. ceruloplasmin. Question 22 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What glycoprotein serves as a transporter of copper, an antioxidant, and an oxidative enzyme? Select one: a. albumin b. globulin c. ceruploplasmin d. free amino acid Question 23 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What two minerals can cause damage to cells when in their free ion forms? Select one: a. iron and copper b. zinc and molybdenum c. iodine and manganese d. zinc and copper Question 24 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What genetic disorder causes copper toxicity? Select one: a. hemochromatosis b. Keshan disease c. Menkes disease d. Wilson’s disease Question 25 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which statement about selenium metabolism is true? Select one: a. Free selenide can be converted into selenophosphate. b. Selenocysteine is degraded to yield selenomethionine. c. Dietary selenocysteine can be utilized directly to produce selenium-dependent enzymes. d. Significant cellular damage occurs only with complete cessation of selenoprotein synthesis. Question 26 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral is an essential factor in the action of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the reduction of organic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide? Select one: a. molybdenum b. selenium c. silicon d. vanadium Question 27 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text When superoxide radicals accumulate, superoxide dismutase catalyzes the formation of hydrogen peroxide. What happens to the hydrogen peroxide? Select one: a. It freely dissociates to water. b. It is excreted in the urine and through the lungs. c. It is converted to water and oxygen via catalase or glutathione peroxidase. d. It is used in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Question 28 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Glutathione loses two electrons when it acts as an antioxidant. Glutathione is _____. Select one: a. oxidized b. reduced Question 29 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What is important in antioxidant DEFENSE? Select one: a. iron b. superoxide dismutase (SOD) c. glutathione d. more than one of these e. all three of these Question 30 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which micromineral is necessary for iodine metabolism? Select one: a. fluorine b. manganese c. chromium d. selenium Question 31 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which non-metal nutrient deficiency is associated with Keshan disease, characterized by cardiomyopathy? Select one: a. iodine b. zinc c. selenium d. molybdenum Question 32 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Chromium absorption is inhibited by _____ and enhanced by _____. Select one: a. antacids, picolinate b. methionine, phytic acid c. picolinic acid, vitamin C d. phenylalanine, histidine Question 33 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral is thought to potentiate the action of insulin? Select one: a. chromium b. manganese c. copper d. cobalt Question 34 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The primary physiological role of which mineral is as a constituent in the thyroid hormones? Select one: a. fluorine b. iodine c. selenium d. chromium Question 35 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The addition to the diet of which food will alleviate the problem of endemic goiter? Select one: a. cabbage b. broccoli c. cassava d. iodized salt Question 36 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Iodine deficiency associated with growth problems results in _____. Select one: a. cretinism b. Keshan disease c. goitrin d. goiter Question 37 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text A key enzyme in liver urea production requires four _____ atoms per molecule. Select one: a. iron b. copper c. zinc d. manganese Question 38 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which trace mineral is important for activating a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis? Select one: a. iron b. copper c. iodine d. manganese Question 39 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral serves as a cofactor in xanthine oxidase in the metabolism of purines, pyrimidines, and pteridines? Select one: a. manganese b. molybdenum c. copper d. chromium Question 40 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text People living in regions that contain high soil molybdenum levels may develop _____. Select one: a. gout b. heart disease c. reduced urea production d. cretinism Question 41 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text As cofactors for proteins, minerals only serve a catalytic role. Select one: True False Question 42 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Iron regulatory protein (IRE-BP) is activated (i.e., to bind IREs) by iron. Select one: True False Question 43 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Endocytosis is the mechanism for a transferrin receptor transporting iron into a cell. Select one: True False Question 44 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that ultimately results in the excessive accumulation of iron in certain tissues. Select one: True False Question 45 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Zinc deficiency could result in a secondary deficiency of folate, because polyglutamate hydrolase is a zinc-containing enzyme. Select one: True False Question 46 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Albumin carries zinc and copper in the portal circulation to all tissues in the body. Select one: True False Question 47 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Metallothionein is a storage protein for excess zinc, copper, and iron. Select one: True False Question 48 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Copper deficiency can result in iron deficiency due to an inability to oxidize iron (i.e., Fe+++), required for transport by transferrin. Select one: True False Question 49 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Overall, assessing the status of a given mineral is difficult and requires multiple measures. Select one: True False Question 50 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text People with decreased iron stores do not have symptoms until their hemoglobin falls below normal levels. Select one: True False Which micromineral plays a contributing role in the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals that are more resistant to acid erosion? Select one: a. arsenic b. selenium c. fluoride d. nickel Question 2 Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following interacts with fluoride in such a way as to inhibit absorption? Select one: a. aluminum b. phosphate c. calcium d. sodium Question 3 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text For what ultratrace element that is well known for its toxicity, yet is now deemed essential in small quantities, have no human dietary requirement and no Tolerable Upper Intake Level been established? Select one: a. arsenic b. cobalt c. boron d. vanadium Question 4 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What ultratrace element plays a role in the metabolism of methionine to taurine? Select one: a. boron b. arsenic c. vanadium d. nickel Question 5 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text The element that appears to be needed for formation and utilization of methyl groups and formation of S-adenosylmethionine is _____. Select one: a. silicon b. vanadium c. arsenic d. boron Question 6 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Selenium and iodine interact antagonistically with _____. Select one: a. arsenic b. vanadium c. boron d. silicon Question 7 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which element impairs iodine uptake, causing compensatory goiter in mice? Select one: a. boron b. cobalt c. nickel d. arsenic Question 8 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Human toxicity has been shown as blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular condition, in individuals drinking water contaminated with _____. Select one: a. boron b. arsenic c. silicon d. vanadium Question 9 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which ultratrace element was used as a preservative for meat, fish, and dairy products in the early 1900s, considered dangerous for humans in the 1920s, and then deemed essential starting in the 1980s? Select one: a. cobalt b. arsenic c. boron d. vanadium Question 10 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following groups of foods are richest in boron, providing 1.0 to 4.5 mg/100 g? Select one: a. raisins, legumes, nuts, and avocados b. pork, beef, and poultry c. milk , butter, cheese, and yogurt d. fish and shellfish Question 11 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which ultratrace element affects the composition, structure, and strength of bones as well as cell membrane stability and inflammation? Select one: a. vanadium b. cobalt c. arsenic d. boron Question 12 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Boron is associated with which of the following functions? Select one: a. metabolism of methionine and methylation of DNA b. bone development and mediation of the inflammatory response c. synthesis of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen d. insulin action Question 13 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Because of its anti-inflammatory actions, which element may reduce the severity of rheumatoid arthritis? Select one: a. cobalt b. boron c. silicon d. arsenic Question 14 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which categories of food provide the most nickel? Select one: a. red meats b. nuts, legumes, grains c. fish d. milk and milk products Question 15 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What ultratrace element is found mainly from nuts, legumes, grains, and chocolate, and has been assigned a Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1 mg/d? Select one: a. nickel b. silicon c. cobalt d. boron Question 16 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral is known to influence nickel absorption? Select one: a. sodium b. chloride c. iodine d. iron Question 17 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which mineral may substitute for magnesium in the complement system? Select one: a. boron b. cobalt c. silicon d. nickel Question 18 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text In humans, signs of nickel _____ include nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing. Select one: a. toxicity b. deficiency c. subclinical deficiency d. carcinogenesis Question 19 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which element is second only to oxygen in abundance on earth? Select one: a. nickel b. vanadium c. silicon d. cobalt Question 20 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text What foods are rich sources of silicon? Select one: a. whole grains and root vegetables b. coffee and beer c. milk and milk products d. meats, poultry, and fish Question 21 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which element has a positive influence on collagen synthesis and bone mineralization? Select one: a. silicon b. vanadium c. arsenic d. nickel Question 22 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Dietary _____ inhibits absorption of silicon. Select one: a. iron b. lactose c. fiber d. alkalinity Question 23 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text The major detrimental effect of a long-term excess of dietary silicon, usually in the form of antacids, is _____. Select one: a. cancer b. asthma c. diabetes d. kidney stones Question 24 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text The richest dietary sources of vanadium are _____. Select one: a. fats and oils b. cereal and grain products c. sweeteners d. milk products Question 25 Correct Mark 2.00 out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Which ultratrace element enters the cell through transport systems for phosphate, with which it competes? Select one: a. nickel b. boron c. vanadium d. cobalt [Show More]

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THE BEST STUDY GUIDES

Avoid resits and achieve higher grades with the best study guides, textbook notes, and class notes written by your fellow students

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Avoid examination resits

Your fellow students know the appropriate material to use to deliver high quality content. With this great service and assistance from fellow students, you can become well prepared and avoid having to resits exams.

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Get the best grades

Your fellow student knows the best materials to research on and use. This guarantee you the best grades in your examination. Your fellow students use high quality materials, textbooks and notes to ensure high quality

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Earn from your notes

Get paid by selling your notes and study materials to other students. Earn alot of cash and help other students in study by providing them with appropriate and high quality study materials.


$15.00

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