Psychology > TEST BANK > Test Bank for Psychological Science, 6th Edition, Michael Gazzaniga (All)

Test Bank for Psychological Science, 6th Edition, Michael Gazzaniga

Document Content and Description Below

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the best definition of psychological science? a. the study of the brain and its function b. the study of the mind, the brain, and thought processes c. ... the study of the mind, the brain, and behavior d. the study of the mind, the psyche, and behavior ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 2. Psychological science is the study of a. the mind. b. the brain. c. behavior. d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 3. The relationship between the actions of neurons and a thought is an example of the connection between a. the brain and the mind. c. genes and the mind. b. nature and nurture. d. the brain and emotion. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 4. Based on the textbook’s definition of psychology, which statement best reflects the relationship between the mind and the brain? a. The brain is the same thing as the mind. b. The brain influences the mind. c. The brain is unrelated to the mind. d. The brain reflects the mind. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.A What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 5. Barry and Candace are disagreeing. Barry states that psychology is the study of the mind. Candace believes instead that psychology is the science of behavior. Given your knowledge of psychology, how would you resolve this argument? a. Barry is correct. Psychology only studies the mind. b. Candace is correct. Psychology only studies behavior. c. Both are correct. Psychology studies both the mind and behavior. d. Both are incorrect. Psychology only studies emotions. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.A What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 6. Allanah is a psychology major. Which of the following best describes what Allanah will learn about? a. the structure and function of the brain b. mental disorders and their treatments c. feelings and other subjective states d. the mind, the brain, and behavior ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 7. For much of its history, psychologists focused mostly on a. the brain. c. behaviors. b. disorders. d. the mind. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 8. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying the mind? a. Dr. Chu, who studies how weather influences children’s actions on the playground b. Dr. Well, who studies neural activity during sleep cycles of elderly adults c. Dr. Mann, who studies the accuracy of traumatic memories over time d. Dr. East, who studies the facial expressions of relationship partners during a fight ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Applying 9. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying the brain? a. Dr. Fields, who studies the purchasing habits of impulsive individuals b. Dr. Joe, who studies how neural activity changes as newborn babies develop c. Dr. Perez, who studies how our feelings can influence our thought processes d. Dr. Ladd, who studies the training activities of professional athletes ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Applying 10. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying behavior? a. Dr. Wick, who studies how certain smells can trigger certain feelings b. Dr. Woods, who studies patterns of neural activity related to drug use c. Dr. Paul, who studies the thought processes involved in decision making d. Dr. Hull, who studies the facial expressions of relationship partners during a fight ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.A1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Applying 11. According to the text, amiable skepticism is an important element in a type of reasoning called a. scholarly inquiry. c. analytic argumentation. b. naysayerism. d. critical thinking. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.A2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 12. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good consumer of scientific research? a. open to new ideas b. carefully considers the facts c. wary of scientific findings d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.A2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 13. Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that a. is systematic and reasonable. b. is open-minded and creative. c. criticizes others’ opinions. d. uses inferences but does not solve problems. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.A2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 14. Which of the following is an example of using BOTH critical thinking and scientific reasoning? a. believing that sugar causes ADHD because you feel hyper after eating a candy bar b. concluding that listening to Mozart improves learning in children after reading an article about this topic in a popular magazine c. using a personal example to show how a psychological principle must be wrong d. conducting research to investigate the effectiveness of left brain/right brain games in improving memory ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.A2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 15. Why is critical thinking important in evaluating psychological research? a. Researchers deliberately lie about their research findings. b. There could be significant limitations to the research findings. c. Research findings are rarely influenced by political and personal agendas. d. There is always a single clear explanation, and the researchers may not have found it. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.A2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 16. Which of the following is an important goal of your psychology textbook? a. to teach you how to be a therapist by using methods of psychology b. to provide you with an education about the methods of psychological science c. to help you define normal versus abnormal behavior so you can recognize mental illness d. to help you predict how people will interact in novel situations ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.A2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 17. The difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for psychological phenomena is that a. critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions. b. everyday explanations rely on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions. c. critical thinking relies on personal examples more than scientific evidence for making conclusions. d. everyday explanations rely on personal examples and scientific evidence for making conclusions. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.A2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 18. Taj is writing a paper on global warming. He only includes research findings that support his own beliefs about global warming because he thinks that all the contradictory findings must be the result of flawed research. This is an example of a. misunderstanding or not using statistics. b. hindsight bias. c. seeing relationships that do not exist. d. confirmation bias. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 19. Suppose you are asked to write a newspaper article on a controversial political topic and you want to make sure you are not influenced by the confirmation bias. Which of the following should you do in order to avoid this bias? a. Focus mainly on evidence that you find on your favorite news Web site. b. Place equal importance on evidence that supports and contradicts your own beliefs. c. Focus mainly on evidence that supports your own beliefs, since it is the most accurate research. d. Place equal importance on evidence you find online and in textbooks. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 20. Which of the following is one factor that contributes to the confirmation bias? a. selective emotionality, which is the tendency to better remember information that is negative b. selective emotionality, which is the tendency to better remember information that is positive c. selective memory, which is the tendency to better remember information that supports our existing beliefs d. selective memory, which is the tendency to better remember information that goes against our existing beliefs ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding 21. Juan is in the market for a new toaster. Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias? a. Juan reads reviews of his favorite brand of toaster on the company’s Web site. b. Juan reads reviews of all the toasters available on Amazon.com within his price range. c. Juan buys a toaster based on its color, rather than functionality. d. Juan buys a toaster, and then writes a positive review for it online. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 22. A patient begins taking a new heart medication. On the day of the first dose, the patient comes in contact with a sick coworker. The patient calls his doctor the next day to complain of flu-like symptoms as a side effect of the new medication. This is an example of a. taking mental shortcuts. b. the hindsight bias. c. seeing relationships that do not exist. d. the confirmation bias. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 23. Which of the following best explains why errors and biases occur in our thinking processes? a. People are mentally lazy. b. People generally ignore events that happen around them. c. The human brain is highly efficient at finding patterns between things. d. The human brain is highly efficient at processing multiple streams of information. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 24. Which of the following is one of the major biases in thinking described in the text? a. misunderstanding or not using statistics b. seeing relationships that do not exist c. judging a book by its cover d. ignoring other people’s perspectives ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 25. Which of the following is an example of the “seeing relationships that do not exist” bias in thinking described in the text? a. Abby thinks she is an above-average dancer, an above-average singer, and an above-average student, even though everyone else thinks she is just average. b. Tony underestimates the likelihood of bicycle accidents because he cannot easily recall one that happened recently. c. Tim thinks that he must eat pizza right before class if he wants to do well on his exam. d. Ziva’s favorite basketball team loses a game; afterward, she explains that it was because they had so many injuries this season. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 26. Which of the following is an example of the hindsight bias as described in the text? a. Matt explains that he studied the wrong material after he received a bad grade on the test. b. Meredith overestimates the likelihood of airplane accidents because she can easily recall one that happened recently. c. Michael thinks that he must wear his lucky gym shorts in order to win the game. d. John believes that a coin that has landed on heads three times in a row is more likely to be heads the next time it is flipped. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 27. Which of the following is an example of the “taking mental shortcuts” bias in thinking described in the text? a. Jack thinks he got an A on his essay because he is a great writer, but he thinks he got a D on his communications project because the instructions were too confusing. b. Rose overestimates how often cruise ships sink because she can vividly remember the sinking of the Titanic. c. Wade believes that he will be funnier on stage if he eats chicken nuggets before he performs. d. Michael thinks that he must wear his lucky gym shorts in order to win the game. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 28. Which of the following is a correct explanation for why the hindsight bias exists? a. Once we know the outcome, we pretend we knew it was going to happen in order to make ourselves feel better. b. Once we know the outcome, we reinterpret old evidence to make sense of that outcome. c. Before we know the outcome, we ignore evidence that contradicts what we believe. d. Before we know the outcome, we have too much evidence to consider to make an accurate prediction. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding 29. On his way to the basketball game, Tom says he cannot predict who will win. After his team wins the game, however, Tom says he knew they were going to win because their defense always plays well together. This is an example of a. taking mental shortcuts. c. the self-serving bias. b. the hindsight bias. d. the confirmation bias. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 30. Which of the following is a benefit of using heuristics and mental shortcuts? a. They can lead to reasonably good decisions without too much effort. b. They can lead to better decisions compared to effortful decision-making strategies. c. They can lead to poor decisions but are very easy to use. d. They can lead to poor decisions, but we outgrow them as we get older. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding 31. Isaac is trying to decide how often shark attacks happen. He quickly remembers the many shows about shark attacks that he saw on television last week, so he decides that they must be common. Isaac’s overestimation of the rate of shark attacks is an example of a. the hindsight bias. c. the self-serving bias. b. taking mental shortcuts. d. seeing patterns that do not exist. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 32. A recent survey found that 80 percent of high school students believed that they were above average on reading, writing, and math skills. Given that only 50 percent of any group can be above average on any dimension, this is an example of a. hindsight bias. c. confirmation bias. b. difficulty recognizing weaknesses. d. egocentric thinking. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 Think like a Psychologist: Why Are People Unaware of Their Weaknesses? OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 33. When Brent wins his track race, he says he won because of his athletic skills and hard work. When Brent loses his next race, however, he says he lost because the track was slippery and he lost his balance. This is an example of a. egocentric bias. c. blaming internal forces for failures. b. hindsight bias. d. blaming external forces for failures. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 Think like a Psychologist: Why Are People Unaware of Their Weaknesses? OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 34. Kaley has a big presentation at work. Afterward, her boss tells her she did a terrible job and immediately fires her. Given what you know about how people tend to process their own failures, how will Kaley explain this situation? a. She did poorly on this presentation because she is stupid. b. She did poorly on this presentation because the topic was confusing and her boss did not give her enough time to complete it. c. She did well on this presentation because she is a good public speaker and she is smart. d. She did well on this presentation because it was easy and her boss did most of the work. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 Think like a Psychologist: Why Are People Unaware of Their Weaknesses? OBJ: 1.A3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 35. According to the text, the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius emphasized which of the following psychological topics? a. statistical reasoning c. intelligence b. interpersonal relations d. mental illness ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.B What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.B1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 36. Yuko remarks that she is interested in child development and educational psychology. Based on your text’s discussion, Yuko’s interests echo the a. emphases of Confucius. c. thoughts of Greek scholars. b. writings of da Vinci. d. writings of early Muslim thinkers. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.B What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.B1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 37. Psychology developed into a discipline in a. ancient China. b. nineteenth-century Europe. c. Classical Greece. d. colonial America, in the eighteenth century. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 38. According to your text, the nature/nurture debate originated during the time period of the a. Chinese philosopher Confucius. b. ancient Egyptians. c. Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle. d. Renaissance philosopher René Descartes. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 39. The nature in the nature/nurture debate refers to ________ factors affecting human psychological development. a. either biological or behavioral c. either biological or environmental b. either behavioral or environmental d. either formal or natural ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 40. According to the nature/nurture debate, the nature view states that individual psychological characteristics are a result of a. education. c. experiences. b. biological influences. d. culture. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 41. With respect to the nature/nurture debate, psychological scientists now believe that a. nature is the most important factor in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior. b. the mind, the brain, and behavior are largely a matter of nurture. c. both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior. d. the issue is largely irrelevant to understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 42. A little boy is running around a grocery store, screaming, yelling, and throwing cans. His parents cannot control him. A strict nurture-only theorist might say, a. “His parents must have been really active when they were children.” b. “He cannot help that he was born wild.” c. “Even if he was born wild, his parents should now be able to control him.” d. “Boys evolve to act this way when they are young.” ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 43. Suppose your friend is in a traumatic car accident and the doctors are worried that she may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, she seems to be coping well and is not showing any symptoms of PTSD. How would a strict nature-only theorist explain this situation? a. Your friend inherited a genetic resilience against stressors that can lead to PTSD. b. Your friend must have a good support network that prevented her from developing PTSD. c. Your friend inherited a genetic predisposition to PTSD. d. Your friend needs a better support network if she wants to avoid developing PTSD. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 44. Over history, people have viewed the mind as being located in which parts of the body? a. brain, liver, and heart c. brain, pancreas, and liver b. brain, lungs, and heart d. kidney, pancreas, and spleen ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 45. Dualism is the idea that a. the mind and the brain are separate entities. b. the mind and the brain are the same entity. c. the mind and the brain are opposing forces. d. there is no mind, just the brain. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 46. Which of the following philosophers is most noted for promoting dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem? a. René Descartes c. Hippocrates b. Leonardo da Vinci d. Sigmund Freud ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 47. The idea that the mind and body are separate but intertwined describes the viewpoint of a. dualism. c. introspection. b. structuralism. d. behaviorism. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 48. For most of human history, Western scholars believed that the mind and body were separate and that humans were unique among the animals because humans a. possessed a soul. b. controlled other animals. c. were mortal. d. had a mind and body that interacted for a divine purpose. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 49. With respect to the mind/body problem, which of the following alternatives best captures the view of dualism held by contemporary psychological scientists? a. Most psychological scientists reject dualism. b. Most psychological scientists accept dualism. c. While many psychological scientists reject dualism, a growing minority promote a return to dualism. d. While many psychological scientists accept dualism, a growing minority reject the view. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 50. Who first proposed that psychology should be a science of observation and experimentation in order to discover the laws of the mind? a. René Descartes c. John Stuart Mill b. John Locke d. Hermann von Helmholtz ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 51. Which of the following changes did John Stuart Mill advocate for the field of psychology? a. to move from the study of the mind to the study of the body b. to move from the study of the body to the study of the mind c. to move from speculation to observation and experimentation d. to move from experimentation and observation to speculation ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 52. In which city did Wilhelm Wundt open the first psychological laboratory? a. Vienna, Austria c. Oxford, England b. Leipzig, Germany d. Krakow, Poland ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 53. A procedure in which an observer describes the simple elements of a mental experience in as much detail as possible is called a. introspection. c. introjection. b. internal perception. d. internal sensation. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 54. Dave walks into his dorm and finds his roommate Pete concentrating as he stares at an apple. When he questions what he is doing, Pete tells Dave he is trying to describe the apple’s quality and intensity. Pete is using what technique? a. stream of consciousness c. introspection b. functionalism d. internal review ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 55. Your friend hands you a teddy bear and asks you to describe your sensations and feelings connected to it. In this example, you are engaging in a. psychoanalysis. c. introspection. b. functionalism. d. free association. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 56. Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to objectively report on his own sensations, which is similar to how the ________ school investigated psychology. a. structuralist c. psychodynamic b. functionalist d. behaviorist ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 57. Which early school of psychology used introspection to study subjective mental experiences? a. functionalism c. cognitive b. behavioralism d. structuralism ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 58. If you were asked to list all the thoughts and experiences you have while answering a test question, the technique used would be a. inspection. c. abstraction. b. conscription. d. introspection. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 59. Lassandra takes a sip of cola. “Sweet; cold, wet, tingly; slightly bitter,” she reports. Lassandra is engaging in a. functionalism. c. psychoanalysis. b. free association. d. introspection. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 60. The early school of structuralism was introduced by a. Edward Titchener. c. Wilhelm Wundt. b. William James. d. Mary Whiton Calkins. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 61. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of structuralism? a. Sigmund Freud c. Edward Titchener b. B. F. Skinner d. William James ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 62. According to the structuralists, the goal of psychology is to a. uncover the unconscious determinants of behavior. b. focus on observable behavior itself. c. identify the elements of conscious experience. d. identify the purposes of our behavior and mental processes. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 63. Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to isolate the fundamental attributes of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the ________ school of thought in psychology. a. structuralist c. functionalist b. behaviorist d. Gestalt ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 64. Mary and Brian see a machine on the television program American Inventor. Mary wants to know what parts make up the machine, but Brian wants to know its purpose. Mary’s approach is most similar to the ________ school of psychology, while Brian’s approach is most similar to the ________ school of psychology. a. structuralist; functionalist c. Gestalt; psychoanalytic b. functionalist; structuralist d. psychoanalytic; Gestalt ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 65. The fact that a variety of thoughts come to mind even as you are engaged in the activity of taking this exam exemplifies psychologist William James’s concept of a. sea of ideas. c. river of thoughts. b. ports of call. d. stream of consciousness. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 66. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of functionalism? a. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundt b. B. F. Skinner d. William James ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 67. With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be most interested in a. the contribution of unconscious memories to one’s emotional experience. b. the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience. c. how emotions aid one’s adaptation to the environment. d. one’s subjective interpretation of one’s emotions. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 68. Structuralism has been criticized because it a. did not include elements of the nature/nurture debate. b. could not produce quantitative measurements of behavior. c. focused on specific elements of the mind rather than on its overall usefulness. d. did not take into account the way children process information. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 69. A functionalist approach to classroom education might include a. designing activities to help a child adapt to environmental demands. b. breaking down complicated tasks into their basic underlying elements. c. determining teaching methods based on a child’s unconscious desires. d. developing reward and punishment programs and token economies. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 70. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species had its strongest influence on the ________ school of thought in psychology. a. functionalist c. structuralist b. humanistic d. psychoanalytic ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 71. According to the concept of survival of the fittest, a. random mutations are always adaptive. b. only the biggest animals will survive. c. organisms that are most adaptive to their environments are most likely to survive. d. organisms that can spontaneously mutate their genes in response to the environment are most likely to survive. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 72. Paul researches how cooperation in humans increases our ability to survive and successfully raise children. Paul uses a(n) ________ approach in his research. a. structuralist c. evolutionary b. functionalist d. cognitive ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 73. Lucinda is afraid of dogs. Her psychologist, Dr. Lee, believes her fear is part of an adaptive response that has helped our species survive. Which psychological approach does Dr. Lee follow? a. psychoanalysis c. social b. behaviorism d. evolutionary ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 74. Will believes that most modern men prefer young and healthy female partners because this preference increases the likelihood of the survival of our genetic ancestors. Which psychological approach does Will believe in? a. social c. functionalist b. evolutionary d. cognitive ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 75. The idea that the mind came into existence over the course of human evolution is the viewpoint of a. structuralism. c. behaviorism. b. functionalism. d. psychoanalysis. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 76. Gestalt psychology is best seen as a reaction against the ________ approach. a. functionalist c. psychoanalytic b. humanistic d. structuralist ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 77. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the Gestalt school of thought? a. Sigmund Freud c. Wolfgang Köhler b. B. F. Skinner d. William James ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 78. The school of Gestalt a. is based on the idea that the whole is different than the sum of its parts. b. includes the role of environment on behavior. c. examines how social situations influence behavior. d. is based on scientifically researched forms of therapy. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 79. Gestalt psychology is LEAST relevant to our understanding of which of the following topics? a. subjective experience c. visual perception b. human personality d. cellular neuroscience ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 80. Marty is an artist. He does not like when people talk about the separate parts of his pictures because he believes that looking at the complete picture is most important. Marty’s opinion is similar to the ________ approach. a. structuralist c. Gestalt b. behaviorist d. psychoanalytic ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 81. Roberto studies music preferences. Roberto claims that it is useless to isolate and listen to only a rhythm, a violin part, or another single aspect of music because perceiving the complete piece is most important. Roberto’s opinion is similar to the ________ approach. a. structuralist c. behaviorist b. Gestalt d. psychoanalytic ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 82. Which of the following types of evidence provided the foundation for Freudian theory? a. survey responses of large samples of adults b. observations of adults in everyday contexts c. case studies of patients in therapy d. laboratory studies of animal behavior ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 83. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the concept of the unconscious? a. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundt b. B. F. Skinner d. William James ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 84. The unconscious mind influences human behavior, according to a. structuralism. c. functionalism. b. psychoanalysis. d. behaviorism. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 85. Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is most consistent with the ________ approach in psychology. a. Freudian c. Gestalt b. structuralist d. behaviorist ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 86. The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers a. are based on the idea that much of human behavior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness. b. emphasize the functions served by the mind. c. emphasize the concept that the whole is different than the sum of its parts. d. state that behavior can be altered by the application of reinforcement and punishment. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 87. Psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment developed by ________, a Viennese neurologist. a. Wilhelm Wundt c. Wolfgang Köhler b. Sigmund Freud d. Edward Titchener ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 88. “Why am I so depressed?” asked Phia. “Obviously,” said Dr. Fox, “you have inner, unconscious turmoil that we need to explore.” Dr. Fox takes a(n) ________ approach to psychology. a. evolutionary c. functionalist b. psychoanalytic d. Gestalt ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 89. Mandy is talking about her problems on a radio talk show. The host explains that these problems came about because of Mandy’s unconscious internal struggles. This explanation is consistent with the ________ approach in psychology. a. behaviorist c. evolutionary b. structuralist d. psychoanalytic ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 90. The psychological approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing behavior is a. behaviorism. c. psychoanalytic. b. humanism. d. evolutionary. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 91. Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, “Psychologists should study that which is observable”? a. a cognitive psychologist c. a developmental psychologist b. a behavioral psychologist d. an industrial/organizational psychologist ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Analyzing 92. “I think therefore I behave”—a version of Descartes’s statement “I think therefore I am”—indicates the importance of ________ on behavior and would not be agreed with by a behaviorist. a. reflexes c. environment b. mental functions d. the unconscious ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 93. Which of the following questions has behaviorism attempted to answer? a. Can perceptions of situations influence behavior? b. Do two different people see an object in the same way? c. How can rewards and punishments influence behavior? d. How can the unconscious be described by neuroscience? ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 94. Which psychologist would be most dismayed by the emphasis on mental processes in modern psychology? a. Sigmund Freud c. Edward Titchener b. Wilhelm Wundt d. John Watson ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 95. Damon thinks that it is impossible to study the experience of consciousness. Instead, he believes psychologists should focus only on the actions people take and why they take them. Damon believes in the ________ approach to psychology. a. structuralist c. evolutionary b. behaviorist d. psychoanalytic ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 96. In which order did the behaviorists discussed in the text make their most important contributions to the field, from the earliest to the most recent? a. Watson, Pavlov, Skinner c. Pavlov, Skinner, Watson b. Pavlov, Watson, Skinner d. Skinner, Watson, Pavlov ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 97. Leyna conducts research with puppies in training to determine if punishing them for inappropriate behavior will be more effective than rewarding them for appropriate behavior. In this example, Leyna is using a ________ approach in her research. a. functionalist c. behaviorist b. structuralist d. psychoanalytic ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 98. Information processing views the brain as ________ and the mind as ________. a. a program; a data port c. hardware; software b. structure; function d. a program; input ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 99. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the cognitive revolution? a. George Miller c. Sigmund Freud b. B. F. Skinner d. William James ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 100. Which of the following developments was most important in the rise of the cognitive approach in psychology? a. the identification of the unconscious b. the understanding of the effects of reward and punishment on behavior and thinking c. the emergence of computers d. the ability to identify different kinds of neurons ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 101. Which area of psychology studies how the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information? a. cognitive c. behaviorism b. structuralism d. functionalism ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 102. Recall the text’s discussion of the cognitive approach in psychology. During which decades did cognitive neuroscience become an influential field in cognitive psychology? a. the 1940–1950s c. the 1980–1990s b. the 1960–1970s d. the 2000–2010s ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 103. Which of the following statements best captures historical trends in the cognitive approach in psychology? a. In the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses mostly on behavior. b. In the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses mainly on the brain. c. In the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the brain; today, it focuses on the mind along with the brain. d. In the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses on both the mind and the brain. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 104. Which of the following phenomena would likely be studied by humanistic psychologists? a. how people chose tasks in daily life to derive maximal satisfaction b. how animals differ in their sensitivities to reward and punishment c. which category of perceptual images is most likely to be identified quickly d. which neurons are activated when people look at different shapes ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Applying 105. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with positive psychology? a. Watson c. Freud b. Seligman d. Titchener ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 106. With respect to the historical development of the field of positive psychology, which of the following statements is most accurate? a. Positive psychology clearly reflects the continuing influence of the humanistic approach. b. Positive psychology initially reflected the influence of the cognitive perspective; today, though, the field is heavily behavioristic. c. Positive psychology initially reflected the influence of the psychodynamic perspective; today, though, the field is more cognitive in orientation. d. Positive psychology has always reflected the impact of the Gestalt psychologists. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 107. Dr. Nick studies how people turn to religious faith to cope with difficult situations. Which approach is Dr. Nick using in his research? a. cognitive c. personality b. positive d. clinical ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 108. Which of the following psychologists are most closely associated with humanistic psychology? a. Watson and Skinner c. Freud and Jung b. Allport and Lewin d. Rogers and Maslow ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 109. Humanism, championed by Maslow and Rogers, changed psychology by a. focusing on internal rather than external influences on behavior. b. highlighting the role of unconscious processes. c. examining how thoughts influence behavior. d. investigating the neural mechanisms of human experience. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 110. Which of the following accurately describes the goals of social neuroscience? a. examining the influence of situational factors on human behavior b. examining the importance of interpersonal connection for quality of life c. understanding the neural mechanisms of learning and memory d. understanding the neural mechanisms of how people think about others ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior OBJ: 1.B3 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 111. Which of the following statements best captures the view of contemporary psychological science with respect to the nature vs. nurture debate? a. Psychological characteristics are best understood from an environmental—nurture— perspective. b. Psychological characteristics are best understood from a biological—nature— perspective. c. Psychological characteristics are best understood as resulting from the inseparable interaction of nature and nurture. d. Psychological characteristics were originally thought to be caused entirely by biological factors but are now known to largely reflect environmental factors. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History OBJ: 1.B2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding 112. Which of the following areas has played a role in better understanding the biology of psychology?a. advances in brain chemistry b. advances in neuroscience c. advances in understanding the human genome d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.8 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological Phenomena OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 113. The area of science that focuses on studying the working brain is called a. psychological science. c. psychobiological science. b. biological science. d. neuroscience. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.8 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological Phenomena OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 114. The text reviews three general developments in biology that have helped fuel the development of psychological science. Which of the following is among these developments? a. Behavior can be explained by the interactions of a few brain chemicals. b. Each brain area is responsible for producing a specific behavior. c. Complex behaviors are inherited through the transmission of single genes. d. Brain imaging methods allow scientists to watch a working brain. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.8 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological Phenomena OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 115. A genome is a a. genetic blueprint. c. mythical creature. b. sex chromosome. d. component of DNA. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.8 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological Phenomena OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 116. According to ________ theory, the brain has adapted over millions of years to solve problems related to survival and reproduction. a. adaptational c. the nature/nurture b. evolutionary d. the neurochemical ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.9 Evolutionary Thinking Is Increasingly Influential OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 117. Which of the following is an example of a question scientists might ask regarding evolutionary adaptations in humans? a. Why do people from different cultures like different types of music? b. Why do young children develop a fear of heights, as shown in visual cliff studies? c. How does practice improve reaction time on visual-motor tasks? d. Can you learn to adapt your note-taking style from a lecture to small-group discussion classes? ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.9 Evolutionary Thinking Is Increasingly Influential OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 118. Relative to human biological evolution, cultural evolution has occurred a. much more slowly. c. much faster. b. at about the same speed. d. There is no way to know. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 119. Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between cultural evolution and biological evolution? a. Cultural evolution sets the stage for biological evolution. b. Cultural evolution has taken over biological evolution. c. Cultural evolution has occurred more rapidly than biological evolution. d. Cultural evolution works against biological evolution. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 120. Almost anywhere you travel in the world you can find a McDonald’s restaurant or T-shirts with American logos. Researchers theorize that this phenomenon is part of a process that accelerates cultural evolution. What is this process called? a. urbanization c. globalization b. commercial warfare d. world exchange ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 121. Which cultural group is most likely to focus on single elements of the foreground in an image rather than on the entire image? a. Eastern cultures c. both Western and Eastern cultures b. Western cultures d. neither Western nor Eastern cultures ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Remembering 122. Which cultural group is most likely to focus on an entire image rather than the single elements of its foreground? a. Eastern cultures c. both Western and Eastern cultures b. Western cultures d. neither Western nor Eastern cultures ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Remembering 123. According to research conducted by Richard Nisbett, ________ tend to be ________ in their thinking.a. Western cultures; holistic b. Eastern cultures; holistic c. both Western and Eastern cultures; holistic d. both Western and Eastern cultures; analytic ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Remembering 124. Which of the following statements best summarizes the role of culture in shaping behaviors? a. Culture has a minor role that is far secondary to biology. b. Culture plays an important role in shaping our behaviors. c. Cultural experiences allow us to break down complex ideas. d. Culture affects only social behaviors and not the way we think. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Understanding 125. Dr. Scott is testing whether cultural norms about emotion influence neural responses to different emotional expressions. Dr. Scott’s research is in the area of a. evolutionary psychology. c. social psychology. b. sociobiology. d. cultural neuroscience. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Applying 126. Psychological science crosses which level(s) of analysis? a. biological c. individual b. social d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 127. Which of the following is an example of research done at the individual level of analysis? a. examining how neurotransmitters change when recalling a painful memory b. studying how different personality traits can influence job success c. testing whether people perform an easy skill better alone or in front of a group d. exploring how the country one grows up in influences how one interprets nonverbal cues ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 128. Which of the following is an example of research done at the biological level of analysis? a. exploring how patterns of brain activity change under hypnosis b. examining how mood can influence how we process persuasive arguments c. researching how large and small groups function in problem-solving tasks d. testing how one’s society influences how one explains failure and success ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 129. Which of the following is an example of research done at the social level of analysis? a. testing whether people perform a new skill better alone or in front of a group b. examining how brain chemicals change when recalling a happy memory c. testing how one’s culture influences how one explains personal failure and success d. examining how sadness can influence how we process persuasive arguments ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 130. Which of the following is an example of research done at the cultural level of analysis? a. examining how large and small groups compromise during negotiations b. studying how different personality traits can influence overall life satisfaction c. testing how patterns of brain activity change under the influence of drugs d. exploring how the country one grows up in influences how one interprets nonverbal cues ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C1 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 131. Careers in psychology that are expected to grow in the future include a. working with older adults. b. working with soldiers. c. homeland security. d. All of the answer choices are correct. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Remembering 132. Which of the following is an example of the biological level of analysis? a. examining how the death of a spouse results in changes in serotonin in the brain b. examining whether a person’s personality is enduring or changes across the life span c. examining how being in a group changes whether a person will engage in illegal behavior d. examining how different cultures define mental illness ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 133. Suppose you catch your 12-year-old sister smoking. She says that she likes to smoke because her friends smoke. You tell her she does it because she is addicted. Which of the following terms correspond to these two stated levels of analysis for the smoking behavior? a. cultural; psychological c. social; psychological b. cultural; biological d. social; biological ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 134. Studying group decision making falls into which of the following levels of analysis for understanding behavior? a. biological c. cultural b. cognitive d. social ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 135. Which type of psychologist studies how people are affected by the presence of others? a. developmental c. social b. cultural d. clinical ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.C2 NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Remembering [Show More]

Last updated: 10 months ago

Preview 1 out of 407 pages

Reviews( 0 )

Recommended For You

 *NURSING> TEST BANK > Test Bank for Psychological Science, 6th Edition, Michael Gazzaniga. (All)

preview
Test Bank for Psychological Science, 6th Edition, Michael Gazzaniga.

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the best definition of psychological science? a. the study of the brain and its function b. the study of the mind, the brain, and thought processes c...

By PHISHER , Uploaded: Oct 25, 2021

$14.5

 Psychology> TEST BANK > Test Bank for Psychological Science, 6th Edition, Michael Gazzaniga (All)

preview
Test Bank for Psychological Science, 6th Edition, Michael Gazzaniga

Chapter 1 1 CHAPTER 1: THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the best definition of psychological science? a. the study of the brain and its function b. the stu...

By Clinton , Uploaded: Jul 03, 2021

$14

 Statistics> TEST BANK > Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data, 6th Edition, Michael Sullivan Test Bank (All)

preview
Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data, 6th Edition, Michael Sullivan Test Bank

Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data, 6th Edition, Michael Sullivan Test Bank

By TESTBANKSGURU , Uploaded: Sep 23, 2023

$19.5

 *NURSING> TEST BANK > Test Bank Pierson and Fairchild’s Principles and Techniques of Patient Care 6th Edition Fairchild Chapter 1 - 13 Updated Guide (All)

preview
Test Bank Pierson and Fairchild’s Principles and Techniques of Patient Care 6th Edition Fairchild Chapter 1 - 13 Updated Guide

Test Bank Pierson and Fairchild’s Principles and Techniques of Patient Care 6th Edition Fairchild Chapter 1 - 13 Updated Guide 2022Test Bank Pierson and Fairchild’s Principles and Techniques of Patien...

By NurseGrade , Uploaded: Nov 12, 2022

$22

 Health Care> TEST BANK > TEST BANK for Understanding Human Sexuality 14th Edition by Janet Hyde & John DeLamater. (Complete Chapters 1-20). (All)

preview
TEST BANK for Understanding Human Sexuality 14th Edition by Janet Hyde & John DeLamater. (Complete Chapters 1-20).

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Chapter 1: Sexuality in Perspective 2. Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality 3. Chapter 3: Sex Research 4. Chapter 4: Sexual Anatomy 5. Chapter 5: Sex Hormones, Se...

By Kirsch , Uploaded: Mar 01, 2023

$25

 Finance> TEST BANK > Test Bank - Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 10th Edition by Richard Brealey, Stewart Myers & Alan Marcus - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-25) Included and Updated (All)

preview
Test Bank - Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 10th Edition by Richard Brealey, Stewart Myers & Alan Marcus - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-25) Included and Updated

Test Bank - Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 10th Edition by Richard Brealey, Stewart Myers & Alan Marcus - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-25) Included and Updated Goals...

By ProfXams , Uploaded: Mar 28, 2024

$29

 Finance> TEST BANK > Test Bank - Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 10th Edition by Richard Brealey, Stewart Myers & Alan Marcus - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-25) Included and Updated (All)

preview
Test Bank - Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 10th Edition by Richard Brealey, Stewart Myers & Alan Marcus - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-25) Included and Updated

Test Bank - Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 10th Edition by Richard Brealey, Stewart Myers & Alan Marcus - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-25) Included and Updated Goals...

By Prof.Exams , Uploaded: Mar 28, 2024

$29

 Clinical Medicine> TEST BANK > Test Bank - Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants 11th Edition by Kathy Bonewit-West - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-21) Included and Updated (All)

preview
Test Bank - Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants 11th Edition by Kathy Bonewit-West - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-21) Included and Updated

Test Bank - Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants 11th Edition by Kathy Bonewit-West - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-21) Included and Updated Medical Record, Medi...

By Prof.Exams , Uploaded: Mar 28, 2024

$30

 Clinical Medicine> TEST BANK > Test Bank - Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants 11th Edition by Kathy Bonewit-West - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-21) Included and Updated (All)

preview
Test Bank - Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants 11th Edition by Kathy Bonewit-West - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-21) Included and Updated

Test Bank - Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants 11th Edition by Kathy Bonewit-West - Complete, Elaborated and Latest Test Bank. All Chapters(1-21) Included and Updated Medical Record, Medi...

By ProfXams , Uploaded: Mar 28, 2024

$30

 *NURSING> TEST BANK > TEST BANK for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Person-Centered Care 9th Edition by Carol Taylo, Pamela Lynn and Jennifer Bartlett.  (Complete Chapters 1-46) (All)

preview
TEST BANK for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Person-Centered Care 9th Edition by Carol Taylo, Pamela Lynn and Jennifer Bartlett.  (Complete Chapters 1-46)

Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Person-Centered Care 9th Edition by Carol R. Taylor PhD MSN RN, Pamela B Lynn EdD MSN RN and Jennifer L Bartlett Ph.D. RN-BC CNE CHSE. ISBN-10 149636217...

By Kirsch , Uploaded: Mar 21, 2023

$25

$14.00

Add to cart

Instant download

Can't find what you want? Try our AI powered Search

OR

GET ASSIGNMENT HELP
164
1

Document information


Connected school, study & course



About the document


Uploaded On

Jun 23, 2021

Number of pages

407

Written in

Seller


seller-icon
Clinton

Member since 3 years

67 Documents Sold


Additional information

This document has been written for:

Uploaded

Jun 23, 2021

Downloads

 1

Views

 164

Document Keyword Tags

THE BEST STUDY GUIDES

Avoid resits and achieve higher grades with the best study guides, textbook notes, and class notes written by your fellow students

custom preview

Avoid examination resits

Your fellow students know the appropriate material to use to deliver high quality content. With this great service and assistance from fellow students, you can become well prepared and avoid having to resits exams.

custom preview

Get the best grades

Your fellow student knows the best materials to research on and use. This guarantee you the best grades in your examination. Your fellow students use high quality materials, textbooks and notes to ensure high quality

custom preview

Earn from your notes

Get paid by selling your notes and study materials to other students. Earn alot of cash and help other students in study by providing them with appropriate and high quality study materials.


$14.00

WHAT STUDENTS SAY ABOUT US


What is Browsegrades

In Browsegrades, a student can earn by offering help to other student. Students can help other students with materials by upploading their notes and earn money.

We are here to help

We're available through e-mail, Twitter, Facebook, and live chat.
 FAQ
 Questions? Leave a message!

Follow us on
 Twitter

Copyright © Browsegrades · High quality services·