American Public University - BIO 133 / BIO133 Exam 2 Chapters 7-11 Week 8 LATEST (2020)

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BIO133 Exam #2 Chapters 7-11 Week #8 taken 25 September 2020 87.08% Part 1 of 1 - 87.08/ 100.0 Points Question 1 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Damaged DNA can potentially be repaired during which checkpoint. ... Select all that apply. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. G0 Feedback: Correct Question 2 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Teeth can have a biofilm formed on the surface. Cell signaling will A. cause uncontrolled cell division B. cause increase saliva production C. cause apoptosis D. increase cell quantity Feedback: Correct! Question 3 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Which describes the relationship between gametes and spores? A. gametes can fuse to become a zygote, but spores can develop into organisms without forming a zygote B. gametes, not spores, can only contribute to genetic diversity in populations C. gametes are always haploid and spores are always diploid D. gametes come directly from sporophytes to develop into gametophytes Feedback: Correct! Question 4 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points If a sperm contains 12 chromosomes, it came from an organism that had A. 6 chromosomes B. 12 chromosomes C. 24 chromosomes D. 36 chromosomes Feedback: Correct! Question 6 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points In the Calvin Cycle, carbon from carbon dioxide is fixed to what molecule first? A. glucose B. pyruvate C. 3-PGA D. G3P E. RuBP Feedback: Correct Question 7 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Light-dependent reactions build NADPH and oxygen by ________________ . A. oxidation B. reduction C. oxidation and reduction Feedback: Correct Question 8 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points To efficiently provide the ideal amount of nitrogen fertilizer, some farmers make use of a “chlorophyll meter” that measures the amount of green light reflected off a leaf. Why does this provide an indication of whether the plant may need more or less nitrogen? A. Nitrogen ions form the electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane that drives ATP synthesis. B. Beta-carotene is composed largely of nitrogen atoms, and has a similar absorption to chlorophyll. C. Nitrogen gas is green, and photosynthesis uses N2 to run the Calvin cycle. D. Each chlorophyll molecule contains four nitrogen atoms that surround the Mg2 ion, and these account for most of the nitrogen in a leaf. Feedback: Correct Question 9 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points What is not a good biological oxidizing agent? A. Fe3 B. O2 C. NAD D. FAD Feedback: Correct Question 10 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points When has glucose been broken down from its original 6 carbon molecule to 2 carbon dioxides in the citric acid cycle? A. oxidation of pyruvate B. CoA is bound to sulfhydryl group C. when isocitrate is oxidized to α-Ketoglutarate D. when α-Ketoglutarate is oxidized to Succinyl CoA E. condensation of acetyle-CoA with oxaloacetate Feedback: Correct Question 11 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points The majority of the energy remains in what glycolytic final product? A. NADH B. ATP C. pyruvate D. glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate E. phosphoenolpyruvate Feedback: Correct Question 13 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points ________ are ligands, which promote cell growth. A. Apoptosis B. Inhibitors C. Growth factors D. Autoinducers Feedback: Correct! Question 15 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points In which type of human cell(s) would 46 chromosomes be located? Select all that apply. A. diploid B. egg C. somatic D. gamete E. sperm F. haploid Feedback: Correct Question 16 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points P700 first transfers an electron through chlorophyll and a bound A. quinone B. ferredoxin C. 2Fe-2S D. plastocyanin Feedback: Correct Question 18 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points ________ is the substrate for adenylyl cylcase. A. cAMP B. GTP C. ADP D. GDP E. ATP Feedback: Correct Question 19 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points In the quest to understand the basis of infertility in humans, researchers have identified a mutation in a gene associated with chiasmata. This protein normally acts to promote homologous recombination. Why might a defect in homologous recombination have consequences for fertility? A. Crossover formation is a necessary step in meiosis I to ensure proper chromosome segregation. B. Chiasmata are the connections between the centromeres and the centrosomes that pull them to each pole of the daughter cells. C. The chiasma checkpoint halts the whole process of meiosis if crossovers do not form properly. D. A checkpoint requires a certain level of genetic variability for meiosis to proceed. Feedback: Correct! Crossing over produces chiasmata that help hold homologous chromosomes together until their separation in anaphase I. Missing chiasmata can lead to mis-segregation of chromosomes and aneuploidy – which results in many non-viable gametes. Question 20 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Charles Darwin was plagued by a mysterious chronic disease. It had a variety of symptoms including nausea, fatigue, and neurological problems that sometimes incapacitated him for weeks. His voyage on the Beagle is even more remarkable considering the misery of his “seasickness” during the trip. Based on his symptoms and those of family members, it is thought that Darwin may have suffered from a defect in mitochondrial DNA. What is the likely consequence of such a defect? A. failure to replicate DNA in reproductive tissues B. elevated ATP production in critical body organs C. reduced ATP production throughout the body D. low pyruvate production due to failure of glycolysis E. vitamin B overdose Feedback: Correct Question 21 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points When the p53 gene is damaged, which event may happen? A. Cells can divide uncontrollobly B. Cells will fix the DNA pass the G1 checkpoint C. Cells will pass the G2 checkpoint D. Cells will always undergo apoptosis Feedback: Correct Question 22 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points ____________ membranes can be found in a chloroplasts. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Feedback: Correct Question 23 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points What determines the maximum theoretical yield of ATP during glucose catabolism? A. How the NADH made during glycolysis enter the mitochondria B. How the FADH2 made during glycolysis enter the mitochondria C. NADH oxidizing at complex I or complex II D. FADH2 oxidizing at complex I or complex II Feedback: Correct Question 24 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points A newly-discovered butterfly species has a chromosome number of n=7. Match the total number of chromosomes in each type of cell. A. 7 B. 14 1. Zygote = B. 14 2. Daughter cell after telophase II = A. 7 Feedback: Correct: The gamete is haploid (7), the zygote is the diploid embryo (14), somatic cells are diploid (14) and after telophase II the daughter cells are haploid (7). Question 25 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points A human fertilized egg contains one chromosome with HbS, the allele for sickle cell disease, and a homologous chromosome with Hbs, the wildtype allele. It also contains an X and Y chromosome. At what point will meiosis occur to create cells that are either HbS or Hbs ? A. Within the hour, as fertilization proceeds. B. Within the week, as embryonic development proceeds. C. Years later, when gametogenesis proceeds. D. Decades later, in the grandchildren of this individual. Feedback: Correct Question 27 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points What properties are expressed by wavelengths? Select all that apply. A. Chlorophyll a reflects red light well B. Red absorbs little energy C. Chlorophyll b absorbs a lot of energy from 460nm wavelengths D. Green is useful in absorbing light during photosynthesis E. Visible light’s wavelengths are between 400-740nm Feedback: Correct Question 28 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points NADH and FADH2 are products of A. oxidation/reduction reactions B. glycolysis C. chemiosmosis D. substrate level phosphorylation Feedback: Correct Question 29 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points What is the flow of energy in order from source to end? A. human→sun→grass→cow B. cow→human→grass→sun C. sun→grass→cow→human D. plant→sun→human→cow Feedback: Correct Question 30 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points A human sperm will contain _________ chromosomes. A. 23 B. 46 C. 23 pairs of D. 46 pairs of Feedback: Correct Question 31 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points A large family has a history of multiple aneuploid diseases such as Down Syndrome, trisomy-18 and Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY). The propensity to defects seems to be inherited, but the gene responsible is unknown. What types of candidate genes would be most likely to lead to aneuploidy if they were mutated? A. Genes that are part of the G1 checkpoint of mitosis. B. Genes that encode proteins involved in chiasma formation. C. Histone genes. D. Genes that control DNA synthesis. Feedback: Correct Since chiasmata help chromosomes to segregate, a problem in their formation might lead to various kinds of aneuploidy. Question 32 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Removal of NH3 is best described as ____________ . A. beta oxidation B. demination C. lipolysis D. glycolysis Feedback: Correct Question 33 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points The electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I generate a proton gradient which drives ATP synthase known as A. active transport B. osmosis C. diffusion D. chemiosmosis Feedback: Correct Question 34 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points A cell’s entire amount of hereditary information is the A. nucleoid B. nucleus C. genome D. DNA Feedback: Correct Question 35 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Place the order of events in chromosome packaging from beginning to end. A. Chromatin, nucleosomes, DNA double helix, sister chromatids B. DNA double helix, nucleosome, sister chromatids, chromatin C. sister chromatids, DNA double helix, chromatin, nucleosome D. DNA double helix, chromatin, nucleosomes, sister chromatids Feedback: Correct Question 36 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Mature cardiac cells remain metabolically active but do not proliferate. This type of arrest is known as the _________. A. G1 Phase B. S Phase C. G2 Phase D. G0 Phase Feedback: Correct Question 37 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points Cancer is caused by unregulated cell growth. One way to attack cancer cells is to harness the power of signaling pathways. For each type of drug, match it to the component of the pathway it would bind to. A. transcription factor = #4 B. kinase = #3 C. G protein = #2 D. cell surface receptor = #1 E. ribosome = #5 1. A drug that mimics an extracellular growth signal = D. cell surface receptor 2. A drug that blocks GTPase activity = C. G protein 3. A specific kinase inhibitor = B. kinase 4. A drug that interferes with transcription of certain genes = A. transcription factor 5. A drug that blocks translation completely = E. ribosome Feedback: Correct Question 39 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points In vertebrate immune systems, some t-lymphocytes will make a growth factor that drives their own division. This represents A. endocrine signaling B. paracrine signaling C. autocrine signaling D. direct signaling Feedback: Correct Question 40 of 40 2.5/ 2.5 Points How does metaphase in meiosis I and meiosis II differ? A. Sister chromatids are on the metaphase plate in meiosis I and tetrads are on the metaphase plate in meiosis II. B. Homologous chromosomes line up in meiosis I and duplicated chromosomes line up in meiosis II. C. All chromatids are the exact same in meiosis I and differ in meiosis II due to independent assortment D. The ploidy level remains the same in meiosis I but will be reduced in meiosis II. Feedback: Correct [Show More]

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