COUN 6215 Lifespan Development Test bank 2022.

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The Phineas Gage matrix describes a syndrome due to frontal lobe damage that diminishes an individual’s emotional intensity. From this syndrome we have learned that with decreased emotional intens... ity comes lesser tendency to plan and make rational decisions Beginning in the first hours after birth, caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention, such as smiling, affectionate touching, and high-pitched vocalizations When Tamara responds to the crying of her 4-month-old baby, Jessie, she tries to figure out what has caused the baby’s distress (hunger, wet diaper, etc.) while making soothing sounds and holding the baby. Tamara’s actions are ____________ Jessie’s developing emotion regulation abilities. scaffolding If a mother and baby are cooing and smiling at each other, and then the mother withdraws and becomes unresponsive, the typical infant will first engage in ____________, and then in ____________. other-directed coping behaviors / self-directed coping behaviors Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex’s birth and is frequently withdrawn. Because of Bea’s depression, we can expect that, in comparison to other 4-month-olds, Alex experiences will display more fearfulness and turning away Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex’s birth and is frequently withdrawn. Brain research indicates that, in comparison to other infants his age, Alex will have brain activation patterns resembling those of fearful and inhibited children In Bowlby’s attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy? A working model of self, of others, and of relationships In Ainsworth et al.’s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less responsive to their babies’ signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the strange situation test, the children tended to fit which category of attachment? Avoidant At 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Suzie’s mother, Anne, wants to be a good caregiver, but Suzie’s fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure. Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cries, because she feels like it will do no good. What advice should Anne’s counselor give her?Anne is not responsible for her baby’s fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie to better regulate her emotions Developmental researchers use the term “goodness of fit” to refer to the match between the caregiver’s responses to a child and the child’s temperament Infants form multiple attachments, to both mother and father and perhaps to a sibling, grandparent, and so on. Which of the following statements is most consistent with available data on the impact of these attachments? More than one secure attachment adds value, serving as a further protective factor A parent whose own working model of attachment is “preoccupied/entangled” is likely to have an infant with which of the following kinds of attachment? Anxious ambivalent Which of the following is a true statement about the stability of infant attachments? Changes in family stressors that lead to changes in caregiving quality can lead to shifts in attachment quality Juan is afraid of snakes. Which of the following is likely to best describe how his brain responds when he first sees a snake? The lower limbic structures like the amygdala can process the sensory input from the snake and trigger a physical reaction to the feared stimulus before the input is processed at a more rational level by the cortex Basic emotions such as _____________ can be observed in young infants, but self-conscious emotions such as ____________ only emerge in childhood surprise and fear / embarrassment and pride The quality of a children’s attachments has been found to affect how children respond to new social situations Phillipa’s husband, Manuel, is worried about her plan to return to full-time employment when their baby is 6 months old. He is afraid that there will be a negative effect on the baby’s attachment to her mother. Phillipa suggests that she and Manuel discuss the pros and cons of day care with a counselor. What would a well-informed counselor advise this couple? If Phillipa continues to provide sensitive, responsive care when she is with the baby, and if the day care is good quality, then the baby should still form a secure attachment to Phillipa Which of the following is not true with regard to the definition of reactive attachment disorder? These children behave indifferently, like avoidantly attached youngstersDay care researchers have identified a dose-response relationship between the amount of time spent in day care and the age of entry into day care and which later outcome? aggression and neediness at school age Counselors who work with young children to enhance their mental health should take an active role in providing support and information for parents joy/happiness, interest, sadness, anger, disgust and fear Izard and others have found that at birth or soon after, infants' facial expressions display which of the following emotions? Mothers gaze at a newborn's face, smile, affectionately touch the baby, and vocalize in a high pitched voice Beginning in the first hours after birth, caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention, such as The still-face paradigm illustrates that even very young infants have some natural strategies for coping with their emotions. It also suggests that when adults promote interactive repair they are scaffolding infants' use of other-directed coping strategies The still-face paradigm has been used primarily to study Assuring survival and security proximity maintenance secure base safe haven According to Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following purpose(s) have attachment systems evolved to serve, for both the younger and the older infant? (An affectional bond) keeping the infant safe and assuring his survival In Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy?Avoidant In Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the strange situation test, the children tended to fit which category of attachment? Abusive Some babies produce contradictory behaviors in the strange situation test, both showing some signs of approaching the mother when stressed but then avoiding the mother when she approaches. These babies often engage in bizarre behaviors as well, like rising to greet the parent and then falling prone. Such unusual behavior has been found to be associated with what kind of caregiving on the part of the mother? when adults provide care that is adjusted to the temperament of an infant or child, even difficult early temperaments are unlikely to lead to later adjustment problems. Developmental researchers use the term "goodness of fit" to refer to Attachment can change if caregiving changes Which of the following is a true statement about the stability of infant attachments? Basic emotions such as _____________ can be observed in young infants, but self-conscious emotions such as ____________ only emerge in childhood. Surprise/fear, embarrassment/pride The quality of a children's attachments has been found to affect a.what children expect social interactions to be like, b-whether children remember positive or negative aspects of events better, c-children's concepts of themselves, d-all of the above. Which of the following is not true with regard to the definition of reactive attachment disorder?Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) characterized by highly disturbed and inappropriate social relatedness not due to other mental disorders Result from grossly pathological early caregiving, possibly extreme child abuse, severe neglect, or frequent changes in caregivers Counselors who work with young children to enhance their mental health should take an active role in provide a voice for the baby, provide support for the parent, providing new skills (basically take an active role in the lives of parent and child Mrs. Harmon the mother of 18-month-old Bryce, is concerned that Bryce has not learned to speak very well. He has a limited vocabulary and seems content to point to the things he wants. Mrs. Harmon has read several child development books which indicated that Bryce should be in the stage of language learning. Mrs. Harmon fears that Bryce is not keeping up developmentally. Based on your understanding of the timing of developmental stages, what would be your best advice? Developmental stage can be useful guidelines, but there is a range of normal development within stages. Ms. Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter, who is afraid of the dark. He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV. Ms. Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters, but to no avail. Peter still refuses to go to sleep. What might Piaget propose as the reason for this treatment failure? Peter, at 4 years old still has difficulty understanding that monsters are not real because he sees monsters on TV. Ms. Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter, who is afraid of the dark. He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV. Ms. Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters, but to no avail. Peter still refuses to go to sleep. What Piagetian idea helps to explain why Peter does not understand the truth about the unreality of TV monsters? Peter may ASSIMILATE the information about monsters, but he lacks the knowledge structures needed to ACCOMMODATE the new information into his existing framework. Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month old include Recognize that the rows have the same # when they are arranged identically, but believe there are more items when they are farther apartJacinta, the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning. Which explanation of his behavior is most likely to be accurate? He is showing separation distress because his RECOGNITION memory is improving during this period. Sam is at home with his two children, 3 year old Daria and 6 week old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers cognitive development, what would you tell Sam? Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. According to Vygotsky, language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a _____ that facilitates learning and thinking. Tool or sign Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently construct a definition for each a word they learn, but rather they learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called mediated learning The nature and amount of verbal communication between parents and their children is correlated with the family's socioeconomic status Which of the following is the best example of a zone proximal development? Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her homework. As a rule of thumb, when might an evaluation by a speech pathologist be advisable? If by 4 the child's language is not understandable to people outside the family.The general consensus is that disorders of the autism spectrum are neurobiological in nature and have high family concordance rate When 2 year old Sabrina does not comply with requests, her mother tells her that she is not acting like a good girl and that Sabrina's father and sister will be disappointed. She is told to wait until they come home when she will be punished for her misbehavior. What advice should a counselor give to Sabrina's mother Any consequence for misbehavior should be immediate because Sabrina is too young to understand cause and effect when consequences are so delayed. A counselor tries to use sports' metaphors with her clients in order to help them gain insight into their behavior. Certain clients lack the background knowledge about sports to understand her messages, so they fail to demonstrate any increase understanding about themselves or their problems. This primarily describes a failure of ACCOMMODATION Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because they are based on scientific research Mrs.Washington is conducting her weekly group counseling session for single young adults. Karen lonely young professional woman, talks about feeling abandoned by her boyfriend. The other group members listen patiently and respond empathically. Mrs. Washington reflects Karen's feeling with concern and sensitivity. What would social learning theorist predict about the behavior of others in the group in the next session Group members will be encouraged to self-disclose after observing the positive way Karen's selfdisclosure was received. In Brofenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment Contemporary developmentalist focus on which question concerning nature and nurture? How do we EXPLAIN the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect development?A kitten whose eyes are covered during the first months of is life loses the ability to see clearly in ways that would have been possible without the loss of early visual stimulation. This effect remains despite later attempts to remediate the loss. This is an example of which of the following Critical period Keisha us a 35-year-old African American woman who is depressed. Her presenting concerns include martial distress, the imminent possibility of losing her job, overrating, and chain-smoking. As you listen to her story, you bring to construct a picture of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would someone using a stage theory of development be most likely to offer for Keisha problems? Keisha problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount. Keisha us a 35-year-old African American woman who is depressed. Her presenting concerns include martial distress, the imminent possibility of losing her job, overrating, and chain-smoking. As you listen to her story, you bring to construct a picture of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would someone using an incrementalist developmental perspective be most likely to offer for how Keisha problems have develop. Keisha problems are most likely related to lack of appropriate models of effective marital communication. Keisha us a 35-year-old African American woman who is depressed. Her presenting concerns include martial distress, the imminent possibility of losing her job, overrating, and chain-smoking. As you listen to her story, you bring to construct a picture of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would someone using a multidimensional perspective be most likely to offer for Keisha problems difficulties? Kesiha difficulties most likely develop through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism. In lifespan developmental theories, significant developmental changes are thought to be largely complete by death The idea that children's development is affected by biological factors, and that biological factors are also affected by the environment and experience is part of multidimensional systems theoriesComplete the following analogy: genotype is to phenotype as code is to expression Brown eye color alleles are DOMINANT over blue-eye color alleles, which are RECESSIVE. Jenna has brown eyes. Her Husband, Bill, has blue eyes. Jenna and bill are the biological parents of James who has blue eyes.. What eye-color gene alleles must Jenna have? Bb (One brown and one blue allele) Recessive defective gene alleles can use hereditary disorders. IT is estimated that most people carry _____ recessive, defective alleles in their genotypes. three to five The epigenome is the full set of factors from the cell to the outside world that controls the expression of hereditary material In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers, altered to this distress responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or principles foes the example demonstrate. Epigenesis Which o the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the developing fetus? The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure. The available data indicates that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of ___ the following effects on the fetus? Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) plays a significant role in the human response to stress Ms.Dawson recently gave birth to twins, a girl, and boy. Which of the following statement about them must be true? They are dizygotic.There are 46 of these in the nuclei of human cells, they are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid? Chromosomes Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity? Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light. Neurons communicate with each other by means of chemicals that are present in the spaces between them Fetal brains are built by neurons that migrate from the BOTTOM of the brain up to the HIGHER areas Myelinization is the process which involves coating the axon with a fatty sheath that improves conduction of electrical impulses The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are Forebrain, midbrain, & hindbrain The process of myelination is not completed until well into adulthood The Phineas Gage matrix describes a syndrome due to frontal lobe damage that diminishes an individual emotional intensity. From this syndrome we have learned that with decreased emotional intensity comes Lesser tendency to plan and make rational decisions Izard and others have found that at birth or soon after, infants' facial expressions display which of the following emotions? Contentment Beginning in the first hours after birth, care-giver interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention such as smiling, affectionate touching, and high pitches vocalzations When Tamara responds to the crying of her 4-month old baby, Jessie, she tries to figure out what has caused the baby's distress (hunger, wet diaper, etc), while making soothing sounds and holding the baby. Tamara's actions are _____ Jessie's developing emotion regulation abilities ScaffoldingHigh levels of hormone oxytocin plays an important role in early social bonding by Promoting physical closeness and reducing maternal stress According to Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following purpose have attachment system evolved to serve, for both the younger and the older infant? Assuring survival and security In Bowbly's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy? A working model of self, of others, and of relationships. In classic study of development of separation distress, Schaffer and Emerson(1964) found that by 8 months babies usually develop a strong preference for one caregiver In Ainsworth et at.'s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less responsive to their babies signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies showed less warmth and affection than other mothers and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the sange situation test, the children tended to fit which category Avoidant Some babies produce contradictory behaviors in the strange situation test, both showing some signs of approaching the mother when stressed but then avoiding the mother when she approaches. These babies when engage in bizarre behaviors as well, like rising to greet the parent and then falling prone. Such unusual behavior has been found to be associated with what kind of caregiving on the part of the mother? Abusive caregiving At 10 months old. Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation avoids stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Her temperament would be called Difficult A parent whose own working model of attachment is "preoccupied/entangled: is likely to have an infant with which of the following kinds of attachment?Anxious ambivalent which of following is a true statement about the stability of infant attachments? Changes in family stressors that lead to changes in caregiving quality can lead to shifts in attachment quality. Which of the following is true about breastfeeding as compared to bottle-feeding? Breast milk has beneficial disease antibodies and grothw hormones not contained in formulas. Juan is afraid of snakes, like many other people,. Which of the following is likely to best describes how his brain responds when he first sees a snake? The lower limbic structures like the amygdala can process the sensory input from the snake and trigger a physical reaction to the feared stimulus before the input is processed at a more rational level by the cortex. Basic emotion such as ____ can be observed in young infants, but self-conscious emotions such as ____ only emerge in childhood Surprise and fear/ embarrassment and pride Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons, Jason, and KEith. When she comes home from her job, she likes to spend time playing with them, preparing their favorite food, and watching TV with them. She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children. Lately, she has been hearing complaints about 6 year old Jason behavior in school. Annette thinks the teacher is beig too hard on her son. She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children. Which style best describes Annette’s parenting? Permissive Becky is struggling to learn her alphabet letters. Her kindergarten teacher, frustrated by failed attempts to teach her, says to Becky "All the other girls and boys can write most of the letters and you can't even say their names". The teacher believes she is motivation the child to work harder by comparing Becky to the others. Which of the following predictions is most consistent with Cooley's theory of selfdevelopment? Becky will not develop a sense of agency because she is not given adequate support.Which of the following best represents Mead's contribution to our understanding of self- development? Children internalize the orientation and values of their families and cultural groups in constructing their sense of self. At what age would a young child typically show self-recognition, the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror? By 18 months Which of the following is a critical element that underlies the development of self-control? Emotion regulation Juan is a fearless 4-year-old- and one of the most active children in his day care center. He eagerly climbs the playground equipment and seems to have little fear of getting hurt. Juan often wanders away from his mother in stores, preferring to explore the interesting sights rather than wait patiently by her side. Juan's mother is exasperated with his behavior and fears for his safety. Based upon the research citied in this chapter, what advice could you give her? She should remember that Juan will more likely to comply if she explains the rules and reasons for her worries. Sasha a 3 year old girl was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed to Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. His loud voice made the young girl cry and run to her bed. John's actions appear to elicit______ in Sasha. Intense Anxious Arousal Sasha a 3 year old girl was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed to Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. In this example which of the following statements is true with regard to internalization of standards? Sasha's father did not support her internalization of rules of behavior because she only complied out fear.Sasha a 3 year old girl was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed to Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. Which type of discipline did Sasha's father use? Power Assertion The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of Conscience Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways that their children can understand are using what disciplinary method? Induction Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to in generate both immediate complicance and very high levels of anxiety? Withdrawal of love According to Crittendon's model, infants who have avoidant attachment classification have experienced which patterns of learning or condition? Predictable punishment for displays of affect. According to Crittendon's model, infants who have anxious-ambivalent attachments have experienced which pattern of learning or conditioning? Unpredictable reinforcement for expressions of need Surya wants 8 year old Leila to start her homework. Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV. Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply. Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey. Leila begins to wail, saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands I anyway. At this point the phone rings. Surya exhausted from struggle, take her to bed. This scenario is an example of which phenomenon? Patterson's coercive family processSurya wants 8 year old Leila to start her homework. Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV. Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply. Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey. Leila begins to wail, saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway. At this point the phone rings. Surya gets absorbed in the call. 30 mins later, Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues. Surya exhausted from struggle, take her to bed. Which behavior is most likely to increase next time? TV Viewing Which of the following most accurately reflects Erickson view of identity? Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult and belief systems. Complete the sentences with the best answers for the correct model of development: 1) ______ models hold that change typically occurs between periods of relative stability and periods of disequilibrium; 2______ models hold that change occurs as a continuous process; 3) ____ models hold that change occurs as a function both from within the person and from the external environment 1) stage models; 2) incremental models; 3) multidimensional models When clinicians assess a client's presenting problem(s) in order to plan for treatment, which of the following approaches to diagnosis reflects a developmental viewpoint? Assess the nature of the problem by considering the person's unique history, interpersonal context, and challenges in the extrapersonal environment. Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the developing fetus? The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of the following effects on the fetus? Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability For most mental illnesses and behavioral disorders, like alcoholism and clinical depression, the genetic contribution can best be described as PolygenicWhich of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus' developing brain? The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound. Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern. Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's development represents an example of a proximal process? The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care. Gisela is a 6-year-old Peruvian girl who lives with her family on a farm in a rural village. She often helps her father take produce to a market to sell. She does not know how to read, but she understands the cost of items and can make change without errors. Sophie is a 6-year-old who lives in the US. She is in the 1st grade, is making great progress in learning to read and write, and is gaining skill in computer use. What is the best way to explain the development of these two children? The processes involved in cognitive development are similar across cultures, but the specific kinds of knowledge acquired may differ depending upon children's culture. Robert and Nadine both have been laid off. The couple has inadequate access to food or health care. When they realize that Nadine is pregnant, they feel desperate, and they talk to a social worker at a local clinic about their situation. The social worker is able to provide them with referrals to a food outlet, but she is unable to find a prenatal care clinic that provides free services in their neighborhood. Considering the effects of multiple risk factors, what is the most likely potential value of the social worker's efforts? The fewer risk factors the better, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with the limited help the social worker provided. Which of the following is the most accurate representation of the modern interpretation of Piaget's theory Stages have a dynamic quality, such that children at the same stage can vary greatly in their specific understanding of causality, morality, etc.Assimilation can be described as ___________ and accommodation can be described as _________. incorporating information / restructuring information One important lesson that people in helping professions can take from Piaget's & Vygotsky's work is: understanding how young clients think can help in structuring interventions that build effectively on existing knowledge and meanings. Which statement is true? Bilingual preschoolers demonstrate better executive functioning skills than monolingual preschoolers. At 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Suzie's mother, Anne, wants to be a good caregiver, but Suzie's fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure. Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cries because she feels like it will do no good. Which answer describes the best response that Anne's counselor should give to her? Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to her crying will help Suzie to better regulate her emotions. Maddy is the mother of 4-month old Gordon. She has felt depressed since his birth and is frequently withdrawn. Due to her depression, it is likely that, in comparison to other 4-month-olds, Gordon will exhibit: a coping style marked by more frequent withdrawal Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children. Based on the Harwood, 1999 study, which of the following statements is most true in this regard? Puerto Rican mothers were more likely than European American mothers to use directives and issue commands with their children 1. Match the infant attachment style to the appropriate descriptor (correct matches in grid below) Securely attachedBabies with this attachment style can use their mother as a secure base to explore the world. Babies are table to tolerate separation because they know their mother will be available if they need her. Match the parenting style with the appropriate descriptive combination of warmth and demandingness (correct matches in grid below). Authoritarian Low warmth; high demandingness 1. The term ____________ refers to the description of a person's attributes, whereas the term ____________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes. a. self-concept / self-esteem Match the infant attachment style to the appropriate descriptor (correct matches in grid beMatch the infant attachment style to the appropriate descriptor (correct matches in grid below)low) Anxious Ambivalent--Insecure attachment Even when their mothers are available, babies with this attachment style are not able to achieve a sense of security and ease. When separated from their mothers, they become highly distressed, and they do not find comfort in their mothers when reunited. Match the infant attachment style to the appropriate descriptor (correct matches in grid below) Avoidant--Insecure attachment Babies with this attachment style generally fail to cry when separated from their mothers and are typically unemotional when reunited. Match the infant attachment style to the appropriate descriptor (correct matches in grid below) Disorganized-Disoriented--Insecure attachment The attachment style is commonly associated with child maltreatment and institutionalization. Match the parenting style with the appropriate descriptive combination of warmth and demandingness (correct matches in grid below). Authoritative High warmth; high demandingnessMatch the parenting style with the appropriate descriptive combination of warmth and demandingness (correct matches in grid below). Permissive High warmth; low demandingness Match the parenting style with the appropriate descriptive combination of warmth and demandingness (correct matches in grid below). Neglecting-uninvolved Low warmth; low demandingness Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework. Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV. Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply. Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey. Leila begins to wail, saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway. At this point the phone rings. Surya gets absorbed in the call. Thirty minutes later, Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues. Surya, exhausted from the struggle, take her to bed. Which behavior is most likely to increase next time? TV viewing 1. Match each disciplinary method to child outcome (correct matches in grid below). Power assertion Likely to be immediately compliant; however, can lead to high levels of anxiety, anger, and aggression 1. Match each disciplinary method to child outcome (correct matches in grid below). Induction Children internalize rules and are more likely to regulate their own behavior even when the adult is not there. 1. Match each disciplinary method to child outcome (correct matches in grid below). Love withdrawal Likely to be immediate compliant and high levels of anxietyThe internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of conscience In Bolby's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy? Choose the best answer. A working model of self, of others, and of relationships Stanley is 7 years old. His parents are quite concerned about his school progress. Although he has begun to learn to read, he reverses some letters when he writes. Based on research, Stanley's school counselor should tell his parents that brain development can be quite uneven in childhood and as a result, it is not unusual for children to show poor performance in isolated skills Piaget's description of the differences between preoperational thought (characteristic of preschool aged children) and concrete operational thought (characteristic of elementary school aged children), includes which of the following? Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered Which of the following does not contribute to improvements in children's ability to remember with increasing age? As children get older they forget previously misunderstood information NeoPiagetians are cognitive developmental theorists who incorporate ideas from Piaget and information processes into their theories Both Sam and Suzanna, age 11, are having trouble making friends. A counselor assesses each of them for social interactive skills and discovers that Sam has poor perspective-taking skills for his age. Suzanna actually has good perspective-taking skills, but she fails to use these skills effectively when interacting with others. In Selman's terms, these two children show different levels of ____________ but similar levels of ____________ competence / performanceAs Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door. A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers. As they get closer, they see the clerk go inside the store. Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy, but she refuses. How would an individual in Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior? Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught Peter, who is an aggressive 11-year-old, is referred to the counselor because of a recent episode of fighting on the bus. When asked to explain what happened, Peter said that he had to sit next to a girl who was laughing with her friend across the aisle about the kids in school. Enraged by this, Peter pushed her head into the window. Where is the likely error in Peter's social information processing about this situation? Peter interprets cues incorrectly, and assumes the girls are making negative comments about him According to the research discussed in the text, it is generally a best practice for counselors to approach working with youngsters who demonstrate anger, noncompliance, and aggression in which of the following ways? Provide structure and a clear set of guidelines for appropriate behavior while seeking to enhance social competence Which of these statements about the cross-cultural differences and the development of the self is not true? Children from Western societies are more likely that children from Eastern societies to incorporate characteristics of close family and friends into their self-concepts Which of these statements about gender and/or cultural contribution to self-esteem is most supported in the literature? Higher levels of support for children's self-expression is associated with higher levels of self-worth for both boys and girls. Steinberg and Scott (2003) argue that when teenagers are found guilty of a crime, it may be that their culpability is mitigated in comparison to that of typical adults. Which of these is not one of the reasons they argue teenagers are probably less culpable than adults? Adolescents are experiencing fluctuating hormone levelsWhich statement is most true regarding brain development in adolescence? In adolescence, the synaptic pruning process primarily occurs in areas of the brain that are related to higher level functions, such as the front lobe. Although our understanding of sexual orientation requires continual investigation, which statement regarding sexual orientation is most supported by the literature at this time? There appears to be a strong biological influence on sexual orientation, including heredity and prenatal hormone exposure. Formal operational thought is linked to which of the following cognitive processes which develop throughout middle childhood and into adolescence? increased processing speed improved working memory capacity improved attentional control all of the above* Alice comes from a working class family. Since her father is disabled and unemployed, Alice needed to take a full-time job right after high school to help her mother provide for two younger children. Fortunately, she got a job as a receptionist in her uncle's real estate business. The secretarial skills she learned in high school help pay the family's bills. According to Marcia's categories of identity status, which placement would you assign to Alice with regard to her vocational identity Foreclosure The unique state of instability and anxiety in adolescence, brought on by body changes, emerging sexual needs, hormonal shifts, cognitive changes, and changing maturity demands, is referred to by the term: frameworklessness As children move from middle childhood into adolescence, their autonomy/dependence on peers changes. Which statement correctly describes this interaction? As children move into adolescence, their dependence on their peers increases and their dependence on their parents decreases.What is the "two pronged" approach to helping adolescents with their behavioral, social, and/or academic problems? a focus on reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors Which of these factors has not been proposed as a contributor to the decline in academic orientation and motivation in early adolescence? rigorous high school curriculum and teachers with high expectations Hannah's mother brought her into counseling because she has "changed" now that she is 16. Hannah's mother stated that Hannah has broken her curfew recently and has started swearing and becoming more argumentative at home. Hannah's mother stated they frequently argue about Hannah's hairstyle, clothing, and music. Hannah's mother reported that Hannah has not had any major problems at school, but she is concerned that she problems at home will become more serious. What information would you least likely give Hannah's mother about Hannah's behavior? Since their arguments about her hair/clothing/music are about mundane/minor issues, their conflicts are not likely to interfere with their parents-child relationship. Research by Arnett and colleagues indicates that young adults today define adulthood as: The person has begun to make independent decisions and accept responsibility for the consequences of their actions Studies of brain activity during the early adult years suggest an increased capacity for behavioral and emotional control A counselor helping a young adult client with procrastination must recognize that this problem can have many sources. In young adulthood, one common developmental source is poor self-management skills Which of the following has the greatest potential to interfere with mature critical thinking and reflective judgment [Note, this is not a great question on my part] Lack of metacognitive ability Which of the following is the best example of fifth-stage thinking?Kendra learns about several different religions, finds all of them internally consistent and appealing in some ways According to Holland's Personality Types, an SOPP graduate student in clinical psychology would be most likely to have which personality type? Social Which of the following is NOT an adult attachment style? Dismissing-fearful In Super's developmental approach to career satisfaction, he argues that an individual's vocational selfconcept evolves over time. What is the career development stage that usually characterizes adolescents and young adults? The exploratory stage When the life goals of college and noncollege young adults are compared, which of the following is true? Noncollege and college youth both rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work as important goals For helping professionals who assume an attachment perspective in their therapeutic approach to clients, what is expected to be the primary mechanism of change? Establishing a therapeutic bond that functions as a secure base Lifespan development theory defines development as the process of adapting to the constant change of influences in our lives. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation discussed in this model? Accommodation Which of the following assumptions distinguishes life span developmental approaches to human development from other developmental approaches? Developmental processes are not completed when a person reaches adulthood NeuroticismTense, unstable mood, self-conscious Extraversion Assertive, energetic, enthusiastic Agreeableness warm, affectionate, compliant Conscientiousness organized, responsible, self-controlled Openness to Experience Creative, insightful, positive orientation to learning Based upon research about marital relationships conducted by Gottman, what feature of a relationship best predicts the demise of a relationship? Negative affect reciprocity Cross-cultural research findings indicate that age-related changes in personality traits are consistent across different cultural groups What can you reliably predict about normal age-related changes in cognitive functioning in middle adulthood? Most people need to take a little more time when solving complex problems Which one of these statements is NOT TRUE about homosexual couples/parents? Homosexual parents are more likely to use a permissive parenting style than heterosexual parents Consummate LoveHas intimacy, passion, and commitment Empty Love Has commitment, but not intimacy or passion Companionate Love Has intimacy and commitment, but not passion Romantic Love Has intimacy and passion but not commitment According to Erikson and Vaillant, which of the following statements best captures the psychological state that is typical of midlife? Striving to find a way to use one's talent to give meaning to life and to the lives of other people Genaro is a 55-year-old truck driver who has developed anxiety attacks after a recent accident that left him with a serious back injury. Because of his anxiety, he has stopped going to physical therapy. He is considering whether he can return to truck driving, whether he can afford to retire, or if he will need to explore other options for a new career. Which of the following would be an example of growth in adapting to these circumstances? Seeking out counseling to help him deal with his anxiety and learn about his options for a new career ovum a woman's egg chromosomes the physical structure that are the vehicles of inheritance from the mother (ovum) and the father (sperm).cytoplasm ovum's nucleus is surrounded by this cellular material, which is loaded with a vast array of chemicals. zygote product of when the sperm's chromosomes become part of the nuclear material of the ovum--end result: a fertilized ovum. autosomes the 22 of the 23 chromosomes that are matched (or paired) from the mother and father. sex chromosomes the 23rd pair of chromosomes which have an important role to play in sex determination. X chromosomes the female sex chromosomes, a matched part of elongated chromosomes that determine that one will be a female. Y chromosomes the male sex chromosome, which pairs with an X chromosome and determines that one will be a male. karyotype a display of the actual chromosomes from human body cells photographed under a microscope and laid out in matching pairs. 46 chromosomes chromosomes for a karyotype can be taken from cells any where in a person's body (e.g., skin,liver, brain), because duplicate copies of the original in the zygote are found in nearly every body cell. The chromosomes of the zygote begin to divide within hours after conception, replicating themselves. mitosisthe cell division process, producing two new cells each of which contains a duplicate set of chromosomes. implantation over a period of about 2 weeks, the growing organism migrates down the mother's fallopian tube, into the uterus, and may succeed in attaching itself to the uterine lining. embryo after implantation, further growth and development of the organism results in this.. epigenesis the set of processes by which facts outside of hereditary material itself can in fluency how hereditary material functions. These factors are "environmental," including the chemicals in the cytoplasm of the cell (the immediate environment) to factors in the cells and tissues adjacent to the cell, to gators beyond the body itself (e.g., heat, light, and even social interaction). epigenome the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls the expression of hereditary material. coaction heredity and environment are engaged from the beginning in an intricate dance, so that neither one ever causes any outcome of it own. heredity and environment have reciprocal effects, "meaning they can influence each other." epigenetic model a multidimensional theory in which Gottlieb (e.g., 1002, 2003) emphasizes coaction in development: heredity and environment have reciprocal effects, "meaning they can influence each other." DNA deoxyribonucleic acid - the chromosomes of the nucleus of the cell are made of this remarkable organic chemical. This has a extraordinary property of self-replication.histones long strains of DNA are combined with these proteins, wrapped and compacted too make up the chromosomes that we can see under a microscope. genes functional units or sections of DNA; often called "coded" sections of DNA. Like chromosomes, these units come in matching pairs: 1/2 from the mother and 1/2/ from the father. proteins complex organic chemicals, made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. Genes provide a code that a cell is capable of "reading" and using to help construct these chemicals. A, C, G and T The DNA code is a long sequence of molecules of these 4 bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine and thiamine. messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) the organic compound that cells sunbathe size by copying stands of DNA. The sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a gene is replicated in this, and then this compound serves as a "messenger" to the cell from the gene, guiding the cell's construction to a protein. transcription a process in which intertwined strands of DNA separate, and one of the stands acts as a template for the synthesis of a new single stand of mRNA. translation the second step, in which the cell "reads" the mRNA codes and produces a protoprotein, a substance that with a little tweaking can become a protein. protoprotein several protein variations can be produced by the cell from a single one of these.gene expression the entire transcription through translation process is referred to this. noncoded genes parts of the 'intergenic" DNA; they do not code for protein production. These function to either initiate or prevent the gene's transcription: aka gene regulation. gene regulation the process in which noncoded genes function to either initiate or prevent the gene's transcription. hormones like testosterone and estrogen, are transcription factors. methylation One epigenetic change that can affect the expression of a gene; the addition of a methyl group (an organic molecule) to DNA, either to the coded gene or to regulatory DNA. This makes transcription of a gene more difficult. demethylation methyl groups detach from DNA. Gene transcription is likely to increase. acetylation and deacetylation loosens the binding, typically increasing gene transcription, and deacetylation, tends to tighten bonds again, by detaching from or attaching to the histones (proteins) in conjunction with the DNA strand. When the environment of outside the organism alters gene regulation. its effects on the body must eventually influence processes like methylation or acetylation inside cells, so that certain genes in these cells become either more or less active.genotype the full compliment of an organism's genes; it is the same in identical twins. this is exactly the same in identical twins b/c they came from the come from the same zygote. phenotypes physical and behavioral traits monozygotic identical; from one zygote. dizygotic fraternal; when a mother releases 2 ova in the same menstrual cycle, and each ovum is fertilized by a separate sperm. concordance similarity b/t members of a pair of twins. discordance differences b/t members of a pair of twins. alleles the slightly different varieties of genes at the same lotion or locus on the chromosome. dominant-recessive relationship two alleles of the same gene can have this. codominance sometimes alleles exhibit this, producing a blended or attitude outcome in phenotype (physical features)polygenic describes traits that are affected by the products of multiple gene pairs, often located on different chromosomes, so that any one pair of gene alleles has only a limited affect on a given trait. regulation of genes by the cellular environment, influenced by environments outside the cell, can trump dominance-recessive or codominance relationships between alleles. ... genomic imprinting process in which some gene alleles in the sperm or the ovum are deactivated. Imprinted gene alleles do not influence the phenotype of the offspring. 9-month gestation period ~ the period of the ZYGOTE (about 2 weeks, from fertilization to implantation) ~ the period of the EMBRYO (from about 3rd to 8th week, when most of the body's organ systems and structures are forming) ~ the period of the FETUS (from the 9th week till birth, when the reproductive system forms, gains body weight, and the brain and n.s. continue to develop dramatically.) TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT depends on the GENOME to code for the products the body needs to grow and function normally; AND IT DEPEDNDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT to provide a normal range of inputs, from nutrient to social interaction in order FOR GENE EXPRESSION TO BE PROPERLY TIME AND REGULATED. Atypical development Deviation in EITHER the genome or the environment can push the developing organism off course. Watch for genetic and chromosomal deviations as well as environmental distortions that can alter development as early as the period of the zygote. sickle-cell anemia the red blood cells are abnormally shaped, more like half the moon than the usual round shape. The abnormal cels are not as efficient as carrying oxygen to the tissues. Resultant breathing problems and other difficulties can lead to organ malfunctions and without tx, to early death. Most common in people of African descent.genetic counselors help screen candidates for such testing,, as well as provide into and support to prospective parents, helping them understand genetic processes and cope with testing, child bearing, and parenting. cystic fibrosis inadequate mucus production; breathing and digestive problems; etc... Phenylketonuria (PKU) metabolism of phenylalanines in food is insufficient; gradually compromises the n.s.. causing mental retardation. sickle-cell anemia blood cells have an unusual "sickle" shape; causes heart and kidney problems. tay-sacks disease enzyme disease; causes degeneration of the n.s. and death in the first few years of life. thalassemia blood cells abnormal, low energy, paleness, poor resistance to infection. hemophilia blood-clotting factor not produced; vulnerable to death by bleeding. duchenne's muscular dystrophy wasting of muscles produces gradual weakness, eventual death. mutation a change in the chemical structure of an existing gene.progeria a fatel disorder that causes rapid aging, so that by late childhood its victims are dying of "old age." It is caused by a genetic mutation during the embryonic period of prenatal development (so that while it is precipitated by a genetic defect, it does not run in families. Huntington's disease a disease in which the nervous system deteriorates, usually beginning b/t 30 and 40 years of age. (uncontrolled movementsand increasingly disordered psychological functioning, etc.... MAOA gene & MAOA enzyme this gene provides the cell with a template for production of the enzyme, a protein that metabolizes neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) like serotonin and dopamine. Down syndrome (aka 'trisomy 21') caused by an extra copy of chromosome #21. (Occasionally, a zygote will form containing too amy chromosomes, or too few, usually b/c of problems in the production of either the ovum or the sperm.) teratogens environmental substances and agents that can harm the developing 'fetus.' Greek for "monstrosity making." and can cross the placental barrier. examples of teratogens ~alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, marijuana ~AIDS ~Lead ~PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) fetal alcohol effects (FAE) a syndrome of babies who are exposed to alcohol prenatally. children exposed to smaller amts. of alcohol prenatally are said to exhibit a lesser form: FAE. Surgeon General stated that there is no safe amt. of alcohol consumption during pregnancy (2005).Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because They are based on Scientific Research Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. qualitative Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are called incremental models In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment. Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's development represents an example of a proximal process? The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and nurture? How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect development? A group of people characterized by shared traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs handed down from one generation to another constitute an ethnic groupThe measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and occupation is called socioeconomic status In lifespan developmental theories, significant developmental changes are thought to be largely complete by death The idea that children's development is affected by biological factors, and that biological factors are also affected by the environment and experience, is part of multidimensional systems theories Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following sequences would you expect to be correct? The heart begins to form before the hands When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food was in short supply in her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born, and his middle-class mother was able to provide him with adequate, nutritious food throughout his childhood. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely for Joey? Joey is at greater risk of serious ongoing health problems than youngsters who have adequate prenatal nutrition. The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of the following effects on the fetus? Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory?Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitive development had the same level of understanding in all areas, such as understanding causality, morality, agency, etc. Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people's intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, and so on. This field of study is referred to as theory of mind Which cognitive achievement underlies a baby's ability to form an attachment to a specific adult, like a parent or other caregiver? object permanence Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-week-old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers cognitive development, what would you tell Sam? Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. Which of the development? following is the best example of the concept of a zone of proximal? Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her homework. One important lesson that people in helping professional can take from Piaget's and Vygotsky's work is that? understanding how young clients think can help in structuring interventions that build effectively on existing knowledge and meaningsBeginning in the first hours after birth, caregivers interaction with infants in ways that affect and attention, such as smiling, affectionate touching, and high-pitched vocalizations. If a mother and baby are cooing and smiling at each other, and then the mother withdraws and becomes unresponsive, the typical infant will first engage in ____________, and then in ____________. other-directed coping behaviors / self-directed coping behaviors According to Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following purpose(s) have attachment systems evolved to serve, for both the younger and the older infant? Assuring survival and security In Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy? A working model of self, of others, and of relationships. In Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the strange situation test, the children tended to fit which category of attachment? Aviodant A parent whose own working model of attachment is "preoccupied/entangled" is likely to have an infant with which of the following kinds of attachment? Anxious ambivalent Which of the following is a true statement about the stability of infant attachments? Changes in family stressors that lead to changes in caregiving quality can lead to shifts in attachment quality. The quality of a children's attachments has been found to affect how children respond to new social situations.The term ____________ refers to the description of a person's attributes, whereas the term ____________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes. self-concept / self-esteem Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways that their children can understand are using what disciplinary method? Induction Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children. One example is that Puerto Rican mothers wanted their children to recognize their obligations and connectedness to others; their goals for their children were more ____________ than the goals of European American mothers. sociocentric Becoming aware of the "Me" self, the self that recognizes one's gender and age, occurs roughly around what age? Around 3 years Memory is to some degree reconstructed. This accounts for the phenomenon of false memories Selman describes stages in the development of both perspective taking skill and of friendship. Suppose that David understands that his friend Mike has a different perspective from his own, but David cannot yet judge how his own behavior is likely to be viewed by his friend. Which of Selman's stages is David most likely to be in? Stage one differentiated/subjective Friendship, according to Selman, requires balancing intimacy and autonomy Metacognition is reflected inquestions such as "How well am I thinking?" Which of the following statements is true with respect to moral development? Many adults reach the point where they reason about moral issues using universal ethical standards. Tiffany is 3 years old. She knows that she is a girl, and she expects to be a girl tomorrow, but she does not understand that her gender is permanent. She believes that cutting her hair short could change her gender. Tiffany has ___________ but not ____________. gender stability, but not gender constancy When elementary school children are free to choose whomever they wish to play with, the most consistent finding is that they will choose To play with same sex playmates By middle childhood, boys' choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests, whereas girls' choices of companions tend to be based more on personality Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system. Which of the following explains the beginning of this process? The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream. Studies show that formal operational thinking is is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts Most theories of racial, ethnic or sexual identity include which of the following ideas? Realizing the significance of race, ethnicity or sexual orientation plays a critical role Beth comes from a working class family. Since her father is disabled and unemployed, Beth needed to take a full-time job right after high school to help her mother provide for two younger children.Fortunately, she got a job as a receptionist in her uncle's real estate business. The secretarial skills she learned in high school help pay the family's bills. According to Marcia's categories of identity status, which placement would you assign to Beth with regard to her vocational identity? Foreclosed The unique state of instability and anxiety in adolescence, brought on by body changes, emerging sexual needs, hormonal shifts, cognitive changes, and changing maturity demands, is referred to as frameworklessness. Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with positive outcomes in development and school achievement for adolescents? Authoritative Experimentation with deviant or risky behaviors (drug use, vandalism, sex, truancy, etc.) in adolescence is typical of this age group and can be considered statistically normative True or False, Developmental Counseling and Therapy (DCT) consists of 4 cognitive- emotional processing stages which include: Dialectic Systemic, Sensorimotor, Formal Operational, and Concrete Operational? True True or False, when engaging in Developmental Counseling and Therapy (DCT) you begin with Vertical development before shifting to Horizontal development? False What is the "two-pronged approach" to helping adolescents with their behavioral, social, or academic problems? A focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors. Arnett proposes that the stage of life from age 18 to approximately 25 be called emerging adulthoodPerry's theory holds that the college experience fosters cognitive development because students are confronted with a diversity of beliefs and values which they must accommodate. When a parent is classified as "dismissive" on the basis of an attachment interview assessing the parent's attachment to early caregivers, that parent's baby is most likely to have an attachment to the parent that is classified as Aviodant According to research on adult partner selection, secure individuals tend to select ____________ individuals as partners. secure Andrea is an adult with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style. She is least likely to select a romantic partner who has ____________ attachment style. an anxious-ambivalent The "Big Five" personality traits are agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion and conscientiousness. Which of the following is the most likely physical change that most adults will experience in their 40s? For many, it will take longer for eyes to adapt to changes in light than before. According to Erikson's theory, which developmental task is central to the middle adulthood stage of life? Generativity. Based upon research about marital relationships conducted by Gottman, what feature of a relationship best predicts the demise of a relationship? Negative affect reciprocity In Gottman's (1999) research, which of the following "four horsemen of the apocalypse" behaviors is most predictive of relationship failure?Contempt Theorizing about grief and mourning after the loss of a loved one has traditionally centered on the importance of "letting go" of the loved one and accepting the loss. This focus is attributable to the work of Frued Which of the following describes a typical stage progression in retirement? HDRST Which of the following factors is an important predictor of a successful retirement? Pension eligibility and high self-esteem The statement, "The ego is dependent on the id", would most likely reflect the work of Freud Jean Piaget's theory has 4 stages. The correct order from stage 1 to 4 is: sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operation Lawrence Kohlburg suggested three levels of morality During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage two) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of: egocentrism Trust versus mistrust comes from the work of Erikson The zone of proximal development was pioneered byVygotsky Freud postulated psychosexual stages included oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital John Bowlby asserted that Conduct disorder and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequte attachment and bonding in early childhood Which is not a sibling position? Third Born Which is not a type of family? Postmodern Family Duvall's (1985) developmental theory on the family live cycle had how many stages? 8 Kitchener's Model of the Development of Reflective Judgmenthad how many stages: 7 Which is not a part of John Holland's work? Social-Emotional True or False, Recognition Memory is the ability to differentiate between experiences that are new and experiences we have had before (Recognition and length of recognition increases with time) True Which is not a type of play?Introverted Play True or False, recognition is realizing information is familiar True True or False, recall is drawing information from long-term memory True Which is not about are Brofenbrenner's Bioecological Model of human development? Melosystem Which system involves the norms and values of an individual's culture? Macrosystem True or False, Neuroplasticity refers to changes in the brain that occur as a result of practice or experience True Chapter 4 Study Scaffolding When Tamara responds to the crying of her 4-month-old baby, Jessie, she tries to figure out what has caused the baby's distress (hunger, wet diaper, etc.) while making soothing sounds and holding the baby. Tamara's action are ________ Jessie's developing emotion regulation abilities. more fearfulness and turning away Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn. Because of Bea's depression, we can expect that, in comparison to other 4-month-olds, Alex experiences will displayAssuring survival and security According to Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following purpose (s) have attachment systems evolved to serve, for both the younger and the older infants? Avoidant In Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less adequately responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection that other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the "strange situation test," the children tended to fit what category of attachment? Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie to better regulate her emotions. At 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Suzie's mother, Anne, wants to be a good caregiver, but Suzie's fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure. Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cries, because she feels like it will do no good. What advice should Anne's counselor give her? More than one secure attachment adds value, serving as a further protective factor. Infants form multiple attachments, to both mother and father, perhaps to a sibling, a grandparent, and so on. Which of the following statements is most consistent with available data on the impact of these attachments? If Phillipa continues to provide sensitive, responsive care when she is with the baby, and if the baby is in good quality day care, the baby should still form a secure attachment to Phillipa. Phillipa's husband, Manuel, is worried about Phillipa's plan to return to full-time employment when their baby is 6 months old. He is afraid that if Phillipa and the baby are separated during the day, there will be a negative effect on the baby's attachment to her mother. Phillipa does not wish to harm the child or her relationship with the child, so she suggests that she and Manuel should discuss the pros and cons of day care with a counselor. What would a well-informed counselor advise this couple? Her baby has a more difficult temperamentA counselor works with Mrs. Jacobs, who has a one-month-old daughter, Brenna. Mrs. Jacobs finds her daughter intense, demanding and hard to soothe. Most likely, this is because aggression and neediness at school age Day care researchers have identified a dose-response relationship between the amount of time spent in day care and the age of entry into day care and which later outcome? providing support and information for parents Counselors who work with young children to enhance their mental health should take an active role in Chapter 1 Reflect on well-established theories, apply theoretical knowledge to the individuals case, and then test out new ways of thinking about the the problem of prior theory does not suffice. Dr. Jones encountered a problem with a new client in therapy. Using the model of reflective practice described in chapter 1, what is the sequence of steps he should use in order to work with this client effectively? Qualitative Stage theory of development typically describes ___________ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. Karen will speak openly because she has previously received attention and support. Mrs. Washington is conducting her weekly group counseling session for single young adults. Karen, a lonely young professional woman, talks about feeling abandoned by her boyfriend. The other group members listen patiently and respond empathically. Mrs. Washington reflects Karen's feeling with concern and sensitivity. What would operant learning theory predict about Karen's behavior in the next group? Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern. Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas?Incremental models Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are called reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to Governmental policies and subsidies for child care that apply in the city. Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. Which of the following influences represents an example of distal process? How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect development? Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and nurture? Keisha's difficulties most likely developed through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism. Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is depressed. Her presenting concerns include marital distress, the imminent possibility of losing her job, overeating, and chain-smoking. As you listen to her story, you begin to construct a picture of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would someone using a multidimensional perspective be most likely to offer for Keisha's problems difficulties? multifinality Counselors must recognize the principle of _________: Individual pathways of development may result in a wide range of possible outcomes. Chapter 2 Code is to expression Complete the following analogy: geneotype is to phenotype asBb (one brown and one blue) Brown eye-color alleles are dominant over blue eye-color alleles, which are recessive. Jenna has brown eyes. Her husband, Bill, has blue eyes. Jenna and Bill are the biological parents of James, who has blue eyes. What eye-color gene alleles must Jenna have? Joey may show few, if any, long term negative effects from his prenatal deprivation. When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food was in short supply in her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born, and his middle-class mother was able to provide him with adequate, nutritious food throughout his childhood. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely for Joey? The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward of disease is compromised. Which of the following is accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic stress on the body? They are dizygotic. Ms. Dawson recently gave birth to twins, a girl and a boy. Which of the following statements about the must be true? Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light. Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity. They are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John's age, but not for Down's syndrome. Sally, age 28, recently married John, age 45. They would like to have a child, but they are concerned that they may be t high risk to have a child with a chromosomal abnormality, like Down's syndrome, because of John's age. What is their genetic counselor likely to tell them? Genes that are related to specific disorder may be expressed phenotypically only in a certain kind of environment. Of the following, which is the most accurate example of coaction?The fewer risk factors the better, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with the limited help the social worker provided. Robert and Nadine both have been laid off. The couple has inadequate access to food or health care. When they realize that Nadine is pregnant, they feel desperate, and they talk to a social worker at a local clinic about their situation. The social worker is able to provide them with referrals to a food outlet, but she in unable to find a prenatal care clinic that provides free services in their neighborhood. Considering the effects of multiple risk factors, what is the most likely potential value of the social worker's efforts? Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn. Massage therapy for infants has been very successful in promoting weight gain and social interaction, and in decreasing distress in low birth weight infants. Based upon developmental research, what is the best explanation for this? Chapter 5 Permissive Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons, Jason and Keith. When she comes home from her job, she likes to spend time playing with them, preparing their favorite foods, and watching TV with them. She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children. Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason's behavior in school. Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son. She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children. Which style best describes Annette's parenting? Becky will incorporate her teacher's negative evaluations into her construction of her own sense of self. Becky is struggling to learn her alphabet letters. Her kindergarten teacher, frustrated by failed attempts to teach her, says to Becky, "All the other girls and boys can write most of the letters and you can't even say their names." The teacher believes she is motivating the child to work harder by comparing Becky to the others. Which of the following predictions is most consistent with Cooley's theory of selfdevelopment? self-concept/self-esteem The term _________ refers to the description of a person's attributes, whereas the term _________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes.Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter's developing self-understanding. Marie has a 2 1/2 year old daughter. The babysitter has been calling her daughter "naughty" and "bad girl" when the child is uncooperative. The babysitter says that the little girl doesn't understand what she is saying so it doesn't matter. Marie is unsure about what to do. Based upon information presented in this chapter, what would you say to Marie? She should remember that Juan will be more likely to comply if she explains the rules and reasons for her worries. Juan is a fearless 4-year-old and one of the most active children in his day care center. He eagerly climbs the playground equipment and seems to have little fear of getting hurt. Juan often wanders away from his mother in stores, preferring to explore the interesting sights rather than wait patiently by her side. Juan's mother is exasperated with his behavior and fears for his safety. Based upon the research cited in this chapter, what advice could you give her? Sasha complied because she was afraid. Sasha, a 3-year-old girl, was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. How would you explain Sasha's compliance? Induction Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways that their children can understand are using what disciplinary method? Withdrawal of love Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to in generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety? procedural memories According to Crittendon's model, infants encode early experiences of care-giving in the form of GuiltWhich of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person? Chapter 7 Tim's self-concept reflects some understanding of his strengths and weaknesses. Tim is doing poorly in math. His test grades are dropping and he's given up spending much time on his math homework. Although he knows he's not a very good math student, it does not concern him greatly. He spends most of his time after school playing hockey, a sport at which he excels. His fifth grade classmates often come to watch him play and cheer him on. Tim's math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring, but Tim does not comply because he doesn't want to miss hockey practice. Furthermore, he reasons, two of his teammates have eve lower marks in math than he does. Which of the following statements about Tim's self-concept is most accurate? Tim's global self-esteem is likely to be high because he excels in an area of importance to him. Tim is doing poorly in math. Although he knows he's not a very good math student, it does not concern him greatly. He spends most of his time after school playing hockey, a sport at which he excels. Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring, but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice. Furthermore, he reasons, two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does. Which of the following statements about Tim's self-esteem is most accurate? self-enhancing bias People are generally motivated to evaluate themselves favorably in relation to others. This tendency is called a Provide opportunities, modeling, and support for both girls and boys to select courses and activities that could be considered non-traditional with regard to gender. Ms. Jackson, a middle school counselor, is concerned about the special problems girls face at adolescence. Consider the research evidence for gender differences in self-esteem at this period of development. Which of the following interventions would be most productive? physical appearanceAccording to research on self-concept in children, which of the following categories of self-concept are most closely tied to overall level of self-esteem? Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught. Selena and her friends are walking home after school. They approach a grocery store with bags of candy and other snacks stacked on open shelves right outside the front door. A young clerk sits outside waiting for customers. As they get closer, Selena notices that the clerk goes inside the store. Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy from the shelf and run away, but she refuses. How would an individual in Kohlberg's pre-conventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior? Peter has a hostile attribution bias and assumed the girls' mean comments were about him. Peter, who is an aggressive 11-year-old, is referred to the counselor because of a recent episode of fighting on the bus. When asked to explain what happened, Peter said that he had to sit next to a girl, who was laughing with her friend across the aisle about the "stupid kids in school." Peter explained that the girl seated next to him looked him "straight in the eye" at one point. Enraged by this, he pushed her head into the window. What is the most likely explanation for Peter's aggressive behavior? birth order Charles was a temperamentally irritable baby who was difficult for his parents to handle. He was always louder and more insistent in his demands than either of his two older siblings. Now at 6, he is showing behavior problems in school. He has not mastered his alphabet letters and gives up easily when problems seem too hard for him. Charles' parents have difficulty making their rules stick with him at home. They remember how easy their other two children were to raise and now have less patience and energy to parent their youngest son. Based on the research identified in this chapter, which of the following characteristics is least likely to be related to the development of Charles' conduct problems? Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attribution about one's self, which are related to depression.A counselor is concerned about clients' self-esteem. Which of the following provides a research-based rationale for this concern? Coercive family interaction A family comes to a counselor with the following problem. Both parents work full time and come home from work tired. Dinner has to be rushed because homework time for the 3rd grade twins takes hours to complete. Bath and bedtime have changed from relatively simple routines into daily battles. The parents threaten the children, but the children typically manage to get their parents to give in. The problems have started to spread into the classroom. This might be an example of which phenomenon? Chapter 1 & 2 Dev Psy Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are called ____? a. multidimensional models. b. incremental models. c. information-processing models. d. stage models. b (incremental models) Of the following, which is the most accurate example of coaction? a. The environment and the genes have an equal influence on a disorder. b. Genes for a disorder that are on the X-chromosome will only be expressed in females. c. Genes will have a greater influence on the development of a disorder when the genes are dominant. d. Genes that are related to a specific disorder may be expressed phenotypically only in a certain kind of environment. d. (Genes that are related to a specific disorder may be expressed phenotypically only in a certain kind of environment.) Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity? a. Cells from the hippocampus are instrumental in encoding memories. b. Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light. c. Fetal brains grow quickly, increasing in weight over the course of pregnancy.d. The 3-year-old's brain is approximately three-fourths of its adult size. b. (Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light. ) Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit "incrementalist" belief about intelligence? a. A therapist who helps the client adjust to the limitations of his academic ability. b. A school counselor who bases the decision about which career information to provide on the client's intelligence test results. c. A counselor who develops a program to track elementary school-aged children in classes that reflect their academic achievement. d. A counselor who recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client who is experiencing academic problems. d. (A counselor who recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client who is experiencing academic problems.) Human development involves changes in size, efficiency, and capacity that can be described as ____________change, and shifts in forms of thought and behavior that can be described as ______________ changes. a. incremental / growth b. growth / incremental c. qualitative / quantitative d. quantitative / qualitative d. (quantitative / qualitative) Myelinization is the process that involves Select one: a. development of the nuclei of the brain. b. neurons migrating to the temporal lobes. c. separating the left and right hemispheres of the cortex. d. coating the axon with a fatty sheath that improves conduction of electrical impulses.d. (coating the axon with a fatty sheath that improves conduction of electrical impulses.) A kitten whose eyes are covered during the first months of its life loses the ability to see clearly in ways that would have been possible without the loss of early visual stimulation. This effect remains despite later attempts to remediate the loss. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. Plasticity b. Behavior genetics c. Visual demand d. Critical period d. ( Critical period ) Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is depressed. Her presenting concerns include marital distress, the imminent possibility of losing her job, overeating, and chain-smoking. As you listen to her story, you begin to construct a picture of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would someone using a multidimensional perspective be most likely to offer for Keisha's problems difficulties? Select one: a. Keisha's difficulties most likely developed through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism b. Keisha's problems are most likely related to lack of appropriate models of effective marital communication. c. Keisha's problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount. d. Keisha's has experienced reward from her eating and smoking habits, and so she seeks these rewards in stressful situations. a. (Keisha's difficulties most likely developed through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism) Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and nurture?Select one: a. Why is nurture most influential at certain developmental periods? b. Is nature the most important determinant of developmental change? c. How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect development? d. Is nurture the most important determinant of developmental change? c. (How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect development?) Ms. Dawson recently gave birth to twins, a girl and a boy. Which of the following statements about them must be true? Select one: a. They are dizygotic. b. They are monozygotic. c. They originated from a single zygote. d. They share 100 per cent of their genes. a. (They are dizygotic.) For most mental illnesses and behavioral disorders, like alcoholism and clinical depression, the genetic contribution can best be described as Select one: a. polygenic. b. the result of a pair of recessive, defective genes. c. the result of a single gene mutation. d. the result of a dominant, defective gene. a. (polygenic) Sally, age 28, recently married John, age 45. They would like to have a child, but they are concerned that they may be at high risk to have a child with a chromosomal abnormality, like Down's syndrome, because of John's age. What is their genetic counselor likely to tell them?Select one: a. They are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John's age, but not for Down's syndrome. b. There is no relationship between parents' age and chromosomal disorders in their offspring. c. They are at higher than average risk for chromosomal disorders of all sorts because of John's age. d. The risk of any chromosomal disorder in a child is only related to the mother's age, not to the father's age. a. (They are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John's age, but not for Down's syndrome.) Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the developing fetus? Select one: a. Any given teratogen usually has the same effect regardless of when in prenatal development exposure occurs. b. The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure. c. A teratogen will usually have the same effect regardless of how much exposure the fetus has to that teratogen. d. Ancient Greeks believed in teratogens, but modern science has been unable to identify any. b. (The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure.) Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is depressed. Her presenting concerns include marital distress, the imminent possibility of losing her job, overeating, and chain-smoking. As you listen to her story, you begin to construct a picture of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would someone using a stage theory of development be most likely to offer for Keisha's problems? Select one: a. Keisha's problems are most likely related to lack of appropriate models of effective marital communication. b. Keisha's has experienced reward from her eating and smoking habits, and so she seeks these rewards in stressful situations.c. Keisha's difficulties most likely developed through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism. d. Keisha's problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount. d. (Keisha's problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount. ) An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the general population is called Select one: a. tertiary prevention. b. primary prevention. c. mediation. d. secondary prevention. b. (primary prevention.) Robert and Nadine both have been laid off. The couple has inadequate access to food or health care. When they realize that Nadine is pregnant, they feel desperate, and they talk to a social worker at a local clinic about their situation. The social worker is able to provide them with referrals to a food outlet, but she is unable to find a prenatal care clinic that provides free services in their neighborhood. Considering the effects of multiple risk factors, what is the most likely potential value of the social worker's efforts? Select one: a. Their unborn child is not likely to be benefited by eliminating only one risk factor. b. The fewer risk factors the better, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with the limited help the social worker provided. c. The unborn child might have been benefited if prenatal care were found, but improving prenatal nutrition is not important. d. The health care and stress factors will only be important after the child is born. b. (The fewer risk factors the better, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with the limited help the social worker provided.)Gisela is a 6-year-old Peruvian girl who lives with her family on a farm in a rural village. She often helps her father take produce to a market to sell. She does not know how to read, but she understands the cost of items and can make change without errors. Sophie is a 6-year-old who lives in the US. She is in the 1st grade, is making great progress in learning to read and write, and is gaining skill in computer use. What is the best way to explain the development of these two children? Select one: a. The processes involved in cognitive development are similar across cultures, but the specific kinds of knowledge acquired may differ depending upon children's culture. b. The progression of cognitive development is not universal; it is different for children in different cultures. c. The content of children's knowledge is similar across cultures, but the processes involved in cognitive development differ depending upon children's culture. d. Cognitive development is the same for all children, regardless of culture. a. (The processes involved in cognitive development are similar across cultures, but the specific kinds of knowledge acquired may differ depending upon children's culture.) Neurons communicate with each other Select one: a. by means of connections with glial cells. b. by means of electrical impulses that radiate out of the myelin sheath. c. by means of chemicals that are present in the spaces between them. d. by means of dendrites touching other dendrites. c. (by means of chemicals that are present in the spaces between them.) Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus' developing brain? Select one: a. Mothers can advance the fetus' intelligence significantly by speaking out loud in foreign languages during pregnancy.b. The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound. c. Fetal brain development is almost totally dependent upon the fetus' genetic inheritance because it has no environmental experience in the womb. d. The development of the lower, primitive areas of the brain depend upon nature but the higher levels depend upon nurture. b. (The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound.) The scientific usage of the word theory is best described as Select one: a. an explanation of facts or phenomena that fits with an individual's best assessment of a situation. b. a proposed explanation whose status is conjectural and untested. c. a tested and supported explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or phenomena. d. a personal opinion that is part of one's worldview. c. (a tested and supported explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or phenomena.) Chapter 3&4 Developmental Psychology As a rule of thumb, when might an evaluation by a speech pathologist be advisable? Select one: a. If by age 4 the child's language is not understandable to people outside the family. b. If by age 3 the child has difficulty articulating "ch" and "sh" sounds. c. If by age 2 the child has a vocabulary of less than 100 words. d. If by age 2 the child is not speaking in complete sentences. a. Ms. Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter, who is afraid of the dark. He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV. Ms. Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters, butto no avail. Peter still refuses to go to sleep. What Piagetian idea helps to explain why Peter does not understand the truth about the unreality of TV monsters? Select one: a. Peter accommodates the information that monsters are not real but fails to assimilate it into his existing schema about monsters. b. Peter assimilates the information that monsters are not real and accommodates the true information into his schema about monsters. c. Peter may assimilate the information about monsters, but he lacks the knowledge structures needed to accommodate the new information into his existing framework. d. Peter fails to assimilate the idea that monsters are not real. c Mrs. Harmon, the mother of 18-month-old Bryce, is concerned that Bryce has not learned to speak very well. He has a limited vocabulary and seems content to point to the things he wants. Mrs. Harmon has read several child development books which indicate that Bryce should be in the stage of language learning. Mrs. Harmon fears that Bryce is not keeping up developmentally. Based on your understanding of the timing of developmental stages, what would be your best advice? Select one: a. Don't pay attention to developmental milestones and treat each child as an individual. b. Since Bryce appears developmentally delayed, he should be referred immediately for a speech and language evaluation. c. Mrs. Harmon should use exercises such as flashcards with Bryce to increase his knowledge of vocabulary. d. Developmental stages can be useful guidelines, but there is a range of normal development within stages. d The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of the following effects on the fetus? Select one:a. Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability b. No effects c. Arouses the fetus's own stress response temporarily, but has no lasting effects d. Causes long term psychopathology a Brown eye-color alleles are dominant over blue eye-color alleles, which are recessive. Jenna has brown eyes. Her husband, Bill, has blue eyes. Jenna and Bill are the biological parents of James, who has blue eyes. What eye-color gene alleles must Jenna have? Select one: a. BB (two brown alleles) b. Bb (one brown and one blue allele) c. bb (two blue alleles) d. BBB (three brown alleles) b Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-week-old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers cognitive development, what would you tell Sam? Select one: a. Daria is probably exhibiting a failure to show empathy and needs more training in this area. b. Daria is probably exhibiting separation distress, which is normal for children her age. c. Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. d. Daria is probably exhibiting a stress response that suggests the family may need some counseling. cAccording to Vygotsky, language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____________ that facilitates learning and thinking. Select one: a. tool or sign b. developmental line c. scaffold d. culture a Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic stress on the body? Select one: a. There are no effects on the cardiovascular system, but long term effects on the skeletal muscles. b. There are no lasting effects on the body - when the stress ends all physical systems return to normal. c. There are no effects on the immune system, and only short-term effects on the cardiovascular system. d. The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised. d The nature and amount of verbal communication between parents and their children is correlated with the family's Select one: a. religious orientation. b. cultural background. c. socioeconomic status. d. genetic inheritance. cMs. Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter, who is afraid of the dark. He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV. Ms. Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters, but to no avail. Peter still refuses to go to sleep. What might Piaget propose as the reason for this treatment failure? Select one: a. Ms. Hernandez has not challenged Peter's irrational beliefs in a way that gets his attention. b. Peter, at 4 years old, still has difficulty understanding that monsters are not real because he sees monsters on TV. c. Peter can understand what Ms. Hernandez is telling him, but he has difficulty expressing his feelings about it. d. Peter's parents have not done enough explaining about the true nature of TV monsters so that he can better understand. b The idea that children's development is affected by biological factors, and that biological factors are also affected by the environment and experience, is part of Select one: a. developmental stage theories b. social learning theories c. multidimensional systems theories d. incremental developmental theories c Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include Select one: a. rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects. b. standing with support, reaching for objects, visual preference for faces. c. sitting without support, playing with simple toys, 20/20 vision.d. crawling, scribbling with a crayon, interpreting facial expressions. a Which cognitive achievement underlies a baby's ability to form an attachment to a specific adult, like a parent or other caregiver? Select one: a. Conservation b. Code switching c. Agency d. Object permanence d Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because Select one: a. they provide a complete picture of development. b. they are based on scientific research. c. they have been proven to be true. d. they are more abstract than opinions. b The general consensus is that disorders of the autism spectrum Select one: a. are neurobiological in nature and have high family concordance rates. b. are not related to any detectable brain growth abnormalities. c. are directly caused by pediatric vaccines containing thimerosal. d. cannot be reliably diagnosed because there is too much variation.a Based on what you have learned about language development, what advice would you give to new parents who are concerned about their child's literacy and later success in school? Select one: a. Allow children to develop according to their own inner timetable, because all children eventually develop similar levels of vocabulary knowledge. b. Parents and caregivers should provide lots of good quality language experience and practice by asking questions and elaborating on many topics of interest to their children. c. Children should have formal reading instruction beginning in preschool. d. Use flashcards of vocabulary words to increase vocabulary size. b Jacinta, the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy, is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning. Which explanation of his behavior is most likely to be accurate? Select one: a. He is showing lack of habituation to his caregiver, which suggests the need to seek out a new babysitter. b. He is showing separation distress because his recall memory is improving during this period. c. He is showing separation distress because his recognition memory is improving during this period. d. He is showing increased willfulness suggesting the need for greater discipline from his parents. b Jacinta, the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy, is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning. Whose opinion of the situation is most consistent with what you have learned about infant cognitive development? Select one:a. Jacinta's sister, who believes the baby has been spoiled by too much attention and now has difficulty separating. b. Jacinta's mother, who believes the baby must have a physical problem that is causing him to be clingy. c. Jacinta's neighbor, who says her children went through this stage and Jacinta should try to be understanding and maintain a consistent environment. d. Manuel, the baby's father, who believes the boy must not like his babysitter. c In a number conservation task a set of discrete items is laid out in two rows They are first laid out in exactly the same way, and then one row is moved so that the items are farther apart. Typically, 3- and 4- year-olds Select one: a. realize that number of items is conserved when they are moved around, because they take into account all the relevant observations at once. b. recognize that the rows have the same number when they are arranged identically, but believe there are more items when they are farther apart. c. can easily decenter from the number of objects to consider the spacing of items at the same time. d. have no trouble with simple number conservation tasks like this, but make mistakes with more abstract math problems. b When 2-year-old Sabrina does not comply with requests, her mother tells her that she is not acting like a good girl and that Sabrina's father and sisters will be disappointed. She is told to wait until they come home when she will be punished for her misbehavior. What advice should a counselor give to Sabrina's mother? Select one: a. Do not tell Sabrina that her older sisters will be disappointed with her because this causes sibling rivalry. b. Even though Sabrina might not like her mother's approach, be consistent with this so that she'll eventually understand and learn to comply.c. Any consequence for misbehavior should be immediate, because Sabrina is too young to understand cause and effect when the consequences are so delayed. d. It is better to take some action that is more concrete, such as spanking Sabrina for misbehavior. c Beginning in the first hours after birth, caregivers interact with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention, such as Select one: a. playing peek-a-boo with the baby. b. keeping a still face to sooth the baby. c. smiling, affectionate touching, and high-pitched vocalizations. d. responding promptly to the baby's cries. c Which of the following is true about breastfeeding as compared to bottle-feeding? Select one: a. Breastfeeding is associated with less secure attachments. b. Breastfeeding has no real advantages because modern formulas have all of the ingredients of breast milk. c. Breastfeeding guarantees that the infant will be securely attached to the mother. d. Breast milk contains beneficial disease antibodies and growth hormones not contained in formulas. d Recessive, defective gene alleles can cause hereditary disorders. It is estimated that most people carry ____________ recessive, defective alleles in their genotypes. Select one: a. thousands ofb. hundreds of c. three to five d. zero c Day care researchers have identified a dose-response relationship between the amount of time spent in day care and the age of entry into day care and which later outcome? Select one: a. aggression and neediness at school age b. depression at school age c. academic achievement in elementary school d. sociability with peers at school age a The Phineas Gage matrix describes a syndrome due to frontal lobe damage that diminishes an individual's emotional intensity. From this syndrome we have learned that with decreased emotional intensity comes Select one: a. better perspective taking ability. b. lesser tendency to plan and make rational decisions. c. greater tendency to plan and make rational decisions. d. greater happiness. b A parent whose own working model of attachment is "preoccupied/entangled" is likely to have an infant with which of the following kinds of attachment? Select one: a. Secure b. Disorganized/disoriented c. Avoidantd. Anxious ambivalent d In a classic study of the development of separation distress, Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found Select one: a. that by 8 months babies usually develop a strong preference for one caregiver. b. that there is no evidence of separation distress in normal babies. c. that stranger anxiety and separation distress normally develop in the first 2 months after birth. d. that separation anxiety develops much earlier than stranger anxiety. a Which of the following statements does not reflect contemporary critiques of Piagetian theory that have experimental support? Select one: a. Infants frequently have the ability to mentally represent objects at birth. b. Preschoolers may be capable of more advanced cognitive tasks than Piaget had specified. c. Infants may have a rudimentary understanding of object permanence earlier in infancy than Piaget suspected. d. Progress in intellectual development is often domain-specific. a A counselor works with Mrs. Jacobs, who has a 1-month-old daughter. Mrs. Jacobs finds her daughter intense, demanding and hard to soothe. Most likely, this is because Select one: a. her baby has a more difficult temperament. b. her baby has been spoiled by too much attention. c. her baby has a significant medical problem. d. her baby has formed an insecure attachment with her mother. aCarla, a 10-month-old infant, sees her caregiver enter the room carrying a bottle of milk for another child in the day care center. Carla watches the caregiver give the bottle to the other child, and then extends her hands toward the bottle, making noises that indicate she wants one as well. Her caregiver notices, picks Carla up, and quickly prepares a bottle for her. In this example, Carla is demonstrating Select one: a. means-end behavior. b. decentration. c. preoperational thinking. d. knowledge of inferred intention. a The quality of a children's attachments has been found to affect Select one: a. whether children achieve major motor milestones. b. how children respond to new social situations. c. children's temperamental responses. d. children's social anxiety, but not their response to stress. b Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory? Select one: a. Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitive development had the same level of understanding in all areas, such as understanding causality, morality, agency, etc. b. Piaget believed that children could vary in their understanding of morality but that their understanding of causality was the same for all children within a particular stage. c. Piaget believed in the dynamic quality of stages and understood that children in the same stage could vary greatly in their specific understanding of causality, morality, and so forth. d. Piaget believed that children's progress through the stages could vary. For example, very intelligent children could skip a stage. cAt 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Her temperament would be called Select one: a. slow-to-warm up. b. difficult. c. easy. d. resilient. b Guidelines for the application of developmental research in helping professions include Select one: a. keeping abreast of issues in the field and taking a multidimensional view of the influences on an individual. b. giving developmental theories an equal weight with your personal opinions. c. recognizing that developmental stage limits therapeutic progress. d. always assessing the developmental stage of each client. a Infants form multiple attachments, to both mother and father and perhaps to a sibling, grandparent, and so on. Which of the following statements is most consistent with available data on the impact of these attachments? Select one: a. More than one secure attachment adds value, serving as a further protective factor. b. The primary attachment (usually with the mother) is the only one that is predictive of later development. c. The good effects of a secure attachment with one parent are canceled by the bad effects of an insecure attachment with the other parent. d. No data are available. aJuan is afraid of snakes, like many other people. Which of the following is likely to best describe how his brain responds when he first sees a snake? Select one: a. Sensory input from the snake is processed only by the cortex. b. The sensory input from the snake is first processed by the cortex, which makes a rational interpretation of the danger, then the information is passed on to the limbic system to produce a fear reaction. c. The lower limbic structures like the amygdala can process the sensory input from the snake and trigger a physical reaction to the feared stimulus before the input is processed at a more rational level by the cortex. d. Sensory input from the snake is processed only by the lower structures of the limbic system. c Developmental researchers use the term "goodness of fit" to refer to Select one: a. the match between the caregiver's responses to a child and the child's temperament. b. the match between the mother's and baby's blood type. c. the tendency of the caregiver to coordinate eye contact and vocalization with a baby. d. the similarity of the genotype of the mother and the genotype of the father. a Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn. Because of Bea's depression, we can expect that, in comparison to other 4-month-olds, Alex experiences will display Select one: a. less self-regulation. b. less crying and distress. c. more fearfulness and turning away. d. more active face-to-face interactions. cHigh levels of the hormone oxytocin plays an important role in early social bonding by Select one: a. regulating infant's uneven hormonal and behavioral states. b. increasing infant stress responsivity. c. promoting physical closeness and reducing maternal stress. d. lowering infant dopamine levels. c In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers, alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or principles does this example demonstrate? Select one: a. Dominant-recessive gene relationships b. Epigenesis c. Active gene effects d. The role of regulator genes in behavior genetics b Chapter 5&6 Dev Psych Vygotsky believed that egocentric or private speech (talking aloud to one's self) played an important role in cognitive development by Select one: a. enabling young children to express and understand their emotions. b. helping organize young children's thinking, as a precursor to self-regulation. c. revealing children's idiosyncratic thinking. d. scaffolding young children's zone of proximal development. bBecoming aware of the "Me" self, the self that recognizes one's gender and age, occurs roughly around what age? Select one: a. At 1 year b. Not until 7 years of age c. By 5 to 6 years d. Around 3 years d Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently construct a definition for each a word they learn, but rather they learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called Select one: a. scaffolding. b. operational thought. c. mediated learning. d. tools and signs. c Izard and others have found that at birth or soon after, infants' facial expressions display which of the following emotions? Select one: a. Contentment b. Shame c. Anger d. Pride a Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children. One example is that Puerto Rican mothers wanted their children to recognize theirobligations and connectedness to others; their goals for their children were more ____________ than the goals of European American mothers. Select one: a. sociocentric b. individualistic c. contextual d. authoritative a Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons, Jason and Keith. When she comes home from her job, she likes to spend time playing with them, preparing their favorite foods, and watching TV with them. She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children. Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason's behavior in school. Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son. She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children. Which style best describes Annette's parenting? Select one: a. Authoritative b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Neglecting-uninvolved b Sasha, a 3-year-old girl, was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. Which type of discipline did Sasha's father use? Select one: a. Rule-giving b. Induction c. Power assertion d. Withdrawal of love cSurya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework. Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV. Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply. Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey. Leila begins to wail, saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway. At this point the phone rings. Surya gets absorbed in the call. Thirty minutes later, Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues. Surya, exhausted from the struggle, take her to bed. Which behavior is most likely to increase next time? Select one: a. Losing TV privileges b. Parent's involvement with homework c. TV viewing d. Doing homework c Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to in generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety? Select one: a. Power assertion b. Neglectfulness c. Induction d. Withdrawal of love d Which of the following is a critical element that underlies the development of self-control? Select one: a. Power assertion. b. Self-esteem. c. Emotion regulation. d. Authoritarian discipline. cSasha, a 3-year-old girl, was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. His loud voice made the young girl cry and run to her bed. How would you explain Sasha's compliance? Select one: a. Sasha complied because she was afraid. b. Sasha complied because she didn't want to wake up her baby sister. c. Sasha complied because she understood her father's position. d. Sasha complied because it was the right thing to do. a According to Crittendon's model, infants who have anxious-ambivalent attachments have experienced which pattern of learning or conditioning? Select one: a. Predictable reinforcement for displays of positive emotion b. Unpredictable reinforcement for expressions of need c. Negative reinforcement for expressions of positive emotion d. Predictable punishment for displays of affect b At what age would a young child typically show self-recognition, the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror? Select one: a. By 13 months b. By 3 years c. By 18 months d. By 10 months cBrown eye-color alleles are dominant over blue eye-color alleles, which are recessive. Jenna has brown eyes. Her husband, Bill, has blue eyes. Jenna and Bill are the biological parents of James, who has blue eyes. Jenna would be described as ____________ of the allele for blue eyes. Select one: a. having the genotype b. being a carrier c. being a regulator d. having the phenotype b Negative reinforcement is best described as Select one: a. when some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed, strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness. b. a negative consequence that follows a behavior. c. a punishment that serves to reduce a problematic behavior. d. a consequence that reinforces negative behavior. a If a mother and baby are cooing and smiling at each other, and then the mother withdraws and becomes unresponsive, the typical infant will first engage in ____________, and then in ____________. Select one: a. self-directed coping behaviors / other-directed coping behaviors b. sleeping / crying c. other-directed coping behaviors / self-directed coping behaviors d. crying / sleeping c Which of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person?Select one: a. Disgust b. Guilt c. Fear d. Anger b In Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy? Select one: a. Basic trust in others, but not a sense of self or of relationships b. A working model of self, of others, and of relationships c. A sense of the power structure of a family d. A belief in God b Marie has a 2½-year-old daughter. The babysitter has been calling her daughter "naughty" and "a bad girl" when the child is uncooperative. The babysitter says that the little girl doesn't understand what she is saying so it doesn't matter. Marie is unsure about what to do. Based upon information presented in this chapter, what would you say to Marie? Select one: a. Marie should not worry about what the babysitter is doing because her daughter is too young to understand. b. Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter's developing self-understanding. c. Marie should tell her daughter that what the babysitter says about her is untrue. d. Marie should tell her daughter that she is loved to make up for what the babysitter says. b Becky is struggling to learn her alphabet letters. Her kindergarten teacher, frustrated by failed attempts to teach her, says to Becky, "All the other girls and boys can write most of the letters and you can't even say their names." The teacher believes she is motivating the child to work harder by comparing Becky tothe others. Which of the following predictions is most consistent with Cooley's theory of selfdevelopment? Select one: a. Becky will incorporate her teacher's negative evaluations into her construction of her own sense of self. b. Becky will develop a sense of agency because she is more motivated to compete with her peers. c. Becky will not develop a sense of agency because she is not given adequate support. d. Becky will work harder to develop her sense of self-esteem. a The maturing of the corpus callosum by middle childhood is especially important for Select one: a. planning. b. motor coordination. c. perspective taking. d. logical thinking. b Friendship, according to Selman, requires balancing Select one: a. transforming and maintaining. b. bullying and giving in. c. conflict and harmony. d. intimacy and autonomy. d Metacognition is reflected in Select one: a. questions such as "How well am I thinking?"b. response enactment. c. copying times tables in math. d. repeating the spelling of words over and over. a The more you know about a particular domain of knowledge, Select one: a. the more easily you can learn new information in that domain. b. the more difficult it is to learn information in other domains of knowledge. c. the more difficult it is to learn new information in that domain. d. the more slowly you will solve problems in that domain. a Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn. Brain research indicates that, in comparison to other infants his age, Alex will have Select one: a. nothing unusual about his brain activation patterns. b. brain activation patterns indicating overall reduced activity. c. more rapid brain development. d. brain activation patterns resembling those of fearful and inhibited children. d Dylan, a 9-year-old, is manipulative in his interactions with his friends. He does not use physical aggression, but he often tries threats and scare tactics to get what he wants. Dylan's interpersonal orientation would be described as Select one: a. mature for his age. b. self-transforming. c. other-transforming. d. reciprocal.c Jamie, a boy scout, has practiced tying a particular kind of knot dozens of times, and he does it quickly and efficiently. But when he tries to explain how to do it to a younger member of his troop, he can't put it into words, he can only show the other boy how to do it. Jamie's knowledge of knot tying is an example of Select one: a. autobiographical knowledge. b. procedural knowledge. c. semantic knowledge. d. declarative knowledge. b Juan is a fearless 4-year-old and one of the most active children in his day care center. He eagerly climbs the playground equipment and seems to have little fear of getting hurt. Juan often wanders away from his mother in stores, preferring to explore the interesting sights rather than wait patiently by her side. Juan's mother is exasperated with his behavior and fears for his safety. Based upon the research cited in this chapter, what advice could you give her? Select one: a. She should use gentle discipline so that he is not frightened by her. b. She should spank him because this is the only type of discipline he understands at his age. c. She should remember that Juan will be more likely to comply if she explains the rules and reasons for her worries. d. She should remember that Juan will be less likely to comply if she is too warm. c Piaget's description of the differences between preoperational thought (characteristic of preschool aged children) and concrete operational thought (characteristic of elementary school aged children), includes which of the following? Select one: a. Preoperational thought occurs in the frontal lobes, but concrete operational thought occurs in the corpus callosum. b. Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered.c. Preoperational thought is fast, but concrete operational thought is slow. d. Preoperational thought is reversible, but concrete operational thought is not. b Which of the following therapeutic approaches is designed to help children develop their perspective taking and friendship skills? Select one: a. The self-monitoring approach b. Pair therapy c. Cognitive therapy d. Immersion therapy b Selman describes stages in the development of both perspective taking skill and of friendship. Suppose that David understands that his friend Mike has a different perspective from his own, but David cannot yet judge how his own behavior is likely to be viewed by his friend. Which of Selman's stages is David most likely to be in? Select one: a. Stage 0, "Egocentrism" b. Stage 1, "Differentiated/Subjective" c. Stage 2, "Reciprocal/Self-reflective" d. Stage 3, "Mutual/Third Person" b When interviewers use the guided imagery technique to help young children remember what they have witnessed, there is danger of creating false memories in the children because of their difficulty with Select one: a. recognizing faces. b. paying attention. c. reality monitoring.d. forming images. c Ms. Dawson, a 1st grade teacher, has asked your advice on how to set up a cooperative learning project with her 1st graders. She wants the children to solve problems together in small groups. Based on what you have learned about children's interpersonal strategies, what advice should you give her? Select one: a. Children should be encouraged to allow the most knowledgeable or advanced member of the group to do the talking and planning. b. Young children in the 1st grade are not as likely to be able to cooperate in learning projects as older children. c. The best way to do a collaborative learning project with any age group is to let the children operate fully on their own, with no adult feedback. d. Children working together in a group do better if they are of several different ages. b Which of the following aspects of friendship development does Selman believe is not influenced and informed by a child's perspective taking skills? Select one: a. Friendship skills. b. Friendship understanding. c. The need for autonomy. d. Friendship valuing. c Alex is 22 months of age. He knows that he should not play with his food at the dinner table, but he sometimes still does so. His parents can usually redirect his behavior with simple reminders about what he should be doing. What is happening cognitively to help him grow in self-control? Select one: a. Alex is now less cognitively egocentric and can see his mother's perspective. b. With repeated experience, Alex is constructing representations of standards for everyday behavior that serve as guidelines for behavior.c. Alex can decenter sufficiently to understand the nature of the food. d. Alex knows that he will be embarrassed if he gets caught playing with his food. b When Tamara responds to the crying of her 4-month-old baby, Jessie, she tries to figure out what has caused the baby's distress (hunger, wet diaper, etc.) while making soothing sounds and holding the baby. Tamara's actions are ____________ Jessie's developing emotion regulation abilities. Select one: a. disorganizing b. blocking c. irrelevant to d. scaffolding d Our knowledge of an event in our own lives, such as a family vacation, is a type of Select one: a. procedural knowledge. b. nondeclarative knowledge. c. semantic knowledge. d. episodic knowledge. d Wayne is taking a digit span test. When he hears this series of digits, 3 9 4 2 6 1 2, he realizes the digits match the ages of people in his family; his mother is 39, his father is 42, his little sister is 6, and he is 12. He decides to remember the series of four ages rather than try to recall each digit separately. Wayne is using a strategy called Select one: a. elaboration. b. other-transforming. c. decalage.d. chunking. d Recent research on the self-system supports the idea that the self is ____________ in nature. Select one: a. bidimensional b. unidimensional c. non-dimensional d. multidimensional d Which of the following research techniques is an appropriate method for studying cognitive development of individuals during the sensorimotor period? Select one: a. Semi-structured interview b. Conservation of matter tasks c. Survey method d. Habituation paradigm d Chapter 9& 10 Brain developments in the adolescent period include which of the following? Select one: a. continued lateralization b. rapid synaptogenesis in late adolescence c. rapid pruning in early adolescence d. continued myelination dWhich of the following elements is most closely associated with the concept of the imaginary audience? Select one: a. a sense of destiny b. a sense of pride c. a sense of invulnerability d. a sense of shame d Individuals with high levels of self-esteem would be more likely than those with low self-esteem to Select one: a. have higher levels of moral reasoning. b. be assertive about expressing something they believe in. c. obey authority figures. d. try to be liked by members of a peer group. b According to Erikson, what are the processes involved in the development of identity? Select one: a. foreclosure and achievement b. exploration and commitment c. diffusion and commitment d. exploration and moratorium b Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system. Which of the following explains the beginning of this process? Select one: a. The hypothalamus controls the development of secondary sex characteristics. b. The adrenal gland influences the growth of secondary sex characteristics.c. Sexual development comes under the control of the thyroid. d. The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream. d Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson's view of identity? Select one: a. People must go through a traumatic crisis in order to have a solid identity. b. Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems. c. One's identity provides the answer to the question "Who am I?" d. Identity begins to develop in adolescence and must be fully resolved before the next stage of psychosocial development can begin. b Studies show that formal operational thinking is Select one: a. easily grasped by average students by the time they enter college. b. demonstrated by all normal adults. c. is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts. d. easily grasped by all students by the time they enter high school. c A coping style which has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is Select one: a. withdrawal. b. support seeking. c. distraction. d. rumination. dWhen working with youth whose racial or ethnic heritage is biracial or multiracial, helpers are likely to find that Select one: a. the majority of adolescents identify as White. b. adolescents shift identity back and forth depending on the circumstances, rarely settling on one or the other for long. c. the majority of adolescents identify with the minority category of their racial or ethnic identity. d. about half of adolescents identify with no racial or ethnic category. c Biological females with two X chromosomes are sometimes born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which causes their external genitalia to appear more like those of a male. They may be misidentified at birth and raised as males. If the correct identification is not made before age 3, physicians often advise parents to continue raising the child as a boy, because the child's gender identity may be difficult to change after age 3. The experiences of CAH girls and other gender atypical children have helped demonstrate that Select one: a. biology has no influence on gender identity. b. genes are the most powerful influence on gender identity. c. boys are more highly valued than girls. d. social assignment is a powerful influence on gender identity. d Which of the following is true of American teenagers' knowledge of HIV/AIDS? Select one: a. Only a minority are well-informed and understand the risks of unprotected sex. b. Most believe that oral and anal sex are risk factors, but may not understand that vaginal intercourse is also a risk. c. The majority are well-informed and understand the risks of unprotected sex. d. The majority have a realistic view of the risks they take. aSteinberg and Scott (2003) argue that when teenagers are found guilty of a crime, it may be that their culpability is mitigated in comparison to that of typical adults. Which of these is NOT one of the reasons they argue teenagers are probably less culpable than adults? Select one: a. uncharacteristic behavior b. compelling circumstances c. diminished capacity d. fluctuating hormone levels d Brain growth during adolescence appears to be influenced by the hormonal changes of puberty. What effects do these hormonal changes seem to have? Select one: a. They flow over the brain, causing a general excitation of neurons. b. They lead to secondary dimorphism of brain structures. c. They affect the onset and offset of genes that influence cortisol levels. d. They cause an increase in blood flow to the brain. c Currently available evidence is strongest for _________ influences on the development of gender identity, and there is no reliable evidence for _________ causes after birth. Select one: a. prenatal / environmental b. psychological / environmental c. peer / parenting d. environmental / genetic aBeth comes from a working class family. Since her father is disabled and unemployed, Beth needed to take a full-time job right after high school to help her mother provide for two younger children. Fortunately, she got a job as a receptionist in her uncle's real estate business. The secretarial skills she learned in high school help pay the family's bills. According to Marcia's categories of identity status, which placement would you assign to Beth with regard to her vocational identity? Select one: a. Diffusion b. Moratorium c. Achieved d. Foreclosed d Most theories of racial, ethnic or sexual identity include which of the following ideas? Select one: a. Realizing the significance of race, ethnicity or sexual orientation plays a critical role. b. Most individuals are in diffusion and do not reach achievement. c. There is a necessary phase of active involvement in one's cultural group. d. Individuals must turn against the values of the dominant culture before their identity can form. a Which of the following statements is true with respect to moral development? Select one: a. Children's ability to reason about moral dilemmas in conventional ways is common among children in late preschool years. b. Children's reasoning about moral issues does not progress in stages. c. Many adults reach the point where they reason about moral issues using universal ethical standards. d. Children's moral behavior is always coordinated with their level of moral reasoning. c A child's social preference score is based on ____________, and their social impact scores are based on ____________.Select one: a. positive nominations / positive plus negative nominations b. peer evaluations / teacher evaluations c. neutral nominations / positive nominations d. positive nominations / negative nominations a NeoPiagetians are Select one: a. cognitive developmental theorists who incorporate ideas from Piaget and from information processing approaches into their theories. b. cognitive developmental theorists who dismiss the ideas of information processing approaches and argue for a return to Piaget's original theoretical work. c. applying Piaget's concepts to therapeutic interventions. d. psychologists who abandoned Piaget's model in favor of information processing theories. a Counselors need to recognize that girls' antisocial behavior in late childhood Select one: a. are a result of particular challenges faced by girls. b. is unlikely to have long-term negative consequences. c. has not been linked to later anxiety and depression. d. is likely to include non-confrontational relational aggressive behaviors. d The unique state of instability and anxiety in adolescence, brought on by body changes, emerging sexual needs, hormonal shifts, cognitive changes, and changing maturity demands, is referred to as Select one: a. moratorium. b. identity achievement.c. frameworklessness. d. collective egocentrism. c On the basis of research on parenting, what advice should helpers give parents about how much to be involved in their adolescents' school life? Select one: a. Adolescents' academic achievement is likely to benefit when parents remain actively involved in school-related activities like monitoring homework and serving as partners in school decision making. b. Reduced parental involvement in school-related activities promoted positive growth in autonomy and peer relations. c. Parents should not be involved in school-related activities, like monitoring homework, so that their adolescents will learn to handle their own problems with class work and teachers. d. Parents should become more involved when there are behavior problems in school, but adolescents should handle all of their own academic problems. a Studies of American schools indicate that as children move out of elementary school into middle and junior high schools, instructional practices are characterized more by ____________ than they were in the earlier grades. Select one: a. closer contact with teachers and other staff b. emphasis on cooperative learning rather than competition c. emphasis on discipline and teacher control d. a greater sense of community and caring c What percentage of adolescents are typically part of a "popular" crowd in American high schools? Select one: a. 5 percent. b. 60 percent.c. 20 percent. d. 40 percent. c Jasmine, age 16, has just begun an after-school and weekend job at which she expects to work about 20- 25 hours a week. She plans to use her earnings to buy clothes, gas for her car, and to fund outings with friends. Based on research, which of the following is the most likely outcome of Jasmine's part-time employment? Select one: a. She will leave high school with substantial savings. b. She will be more reliable and less likely to engage in delinquent behavior. c. Her greater work time will negatively affect her school achievement. d. Her grades will improve. c Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with positive outcomes in psychosocial development and school achievement for adolescents? Select one: a. Neglecting or dismissive b. Authoritarian c. Permissive or indulgent d. Authoritative d When data are analyzed together from a large number of different studies on the same question, like "are there sex differences in nurturing tendencies," the report is called a Select one: a. sociometric analysis. b. meta-analysis. c. collaborative discourse.d. social dosage effect. b Experimentation with deviant or risky behaviors (drug use, vandalism, sex, truancy, etc.) in adolescence is Select one: a. not typical of this age group and can be considered a clear sign of mental health problems. b. clearly on the decline in today's culture. c. typical of this age group and can be considered statistically normative. d. equally likely for boys and for girls today. c Which of these is the best summary of developmental trends in the formation of identity? Select one: a. Individuals experience recurrent cycles of foreclosed to achieved status. b. Individuals generally achieve the same level of identity formation in all identity domains, for example, career, family, religion, etc. c. Individuals progress through stages in the following sequence: diffused, foreclosed, moratorium, achieved. d. There is a general decline in foreclosures and diffusions over time while achievements increase over time. d Which of the following statements is NOT true with regard to the onset of menarche? Select one: a. Girls who are very athletic are likely to have earlier onset of menarche. b. Girls whose close relatives had early onset of menarche are more likely to experience similar timing of events. c. Girls who have better health care are likely to have earlier onset of menarche. d. Girls who have a higher proportion of body fat are likely to have earlier onset of menarche.a According to research on self-concept in children, which of the following aspects of self-concept is most closely tied to overall level of self-esteem? Select one: a. Social self-concept b. Athletic self-concept c. Physical appearance d. Academic self-concept c In a study of American Indian families who moved out of poverty (the "ex-poor"), what were the effects on children's behavior? Select one: a. There was a significant decline in conduct disorder and oppositional defiant behavior. b. There was a significant increase in conduct disorder and oppositional defiant behavior. c. There was a significant increase in depressive symptoms. d. The improvement in income had no discernable effects on children's behavior. a Rasheed is a 19-year-old college student whose family is making financial sacrifices to pay for his education. So far, his grade point average is not high enough to allow him entrance into the pre-med program, the course of study he intends to pursue. He also works part time as a youth counselor, a job he really likes. He is considering changing his major to education. According to Marcia's categories of identity status, which category would you assign to Rasheed with regard to his vocational identity? Select one: a. Moratorium. b. Achieved. c. Diffusion. d. Foreclosed. aParticipation in after-school activities sponsored by school or community organizations is Select one: a. positively related to academic achievement. b. detrimental to academic achievement. c. unrelated to academic achievement. d. positively related to social competence but detrimental to academic achievement. a Sabrina and Bethany are both members of the same crowd in high school, which means that Select one: a. They are best friends. b. They spend a great deal of time together. c. They will not be able to make friends outside of their own crowd. d. They share interests, attitudes, behaviors, and appearance characteristics. d The parents of Abe, age 14, are concerned that he is watching violent movies and playing violent video games with his friends. You can advise them that Select one: a. viewing violent movies is related to aggression, but playing violent video games is not. b. exposure to media portrayals of violence seem to teach teenagers to favor nonviolence. c. media portrayals of violence are not related to teenage aggressive behavior. d. exposure to media portrayals of violence are related to teenage aggressive behavior. d What is the "two-pronged approach" to helping adolescents with their behavioral, social, or academic problems? Select one:a. A focus on both parents and the individual. b. A focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors. c. The use both medication and individual therapy. d. A focus on both peers and the school environment. b Which of the following descriptions characterizes the changes in American society's attitudes toward adolescent risky behavior from the 1920s to today? Select one: a. In the 1920s risky behavior was seen as a problem of the individual who needs treatment, whereas today we tend to see the problem as one that can be addressed by social programs. b. In the 1920s there was greater concern about risky behavior than there is today, because risky behavior is much rarer now. c. In the 1920s risky behavior was seen as a problem that could be addressed by social programs, like community activities for adolescents, whereas today we tend to see the problem as within the individual. d. In the 1920s it was not seen as a serious problem, whereas today risky behavior is seen as a serious problem. c In an assessment of peer relationships, Fred was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with or to do a class project with. But Fred was also rarely selected as someone whom classmates would refuse to play with. Fred is an example of Select one: a. a controversial child. b. a neglected child. c. a rejected child. d. an average child. bSome parents of adolescents are going through their own "perilous transition." What proportion of American parents report strong feelings of powerlessness, rejection, and personal regret when their children become adolescents? Select one: a. About 40%. b. About 60%. c. About 5 %. d. About 90%. A Chapter 11-13 Based upon research on Perry's theory, helping professionals should provide ____________ for dualists and ____________ for multiplists. Select one: a. challenge / experiential learning b. support / challenge c. absolute truth / support d. support / absolute truth b Yvonne is a 13-year-old 8th grader who is a new student in an urban middle school. She recently moved into the area with her mother and her three siblings. The family moved to be nearer to Yvonne's grandparents after the breakup of her parents' relationship. Yvonne is tall for her age and is bothered by the looks and sexual comments about her breasts from boys in her school. She has made few friends at the new school. What does this example illustrate about the ease of the adolescent transition for earlymaturing girls like Yvonne? Select one: a. Early-maturing girls are more likely to be rejected by girls who are less mature. b. Early-maturing girls are neither more confident nor more likely to be rejected than late-maturing girls.c. Early-maturing girls are more likely to be admired by others and have higher self-esteem than latematuring girls. d. Early-maturing girls are more confident about their sexuality than late-maturing girls. a Helpers should know that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is Select one: a. a time when most learning processes slow down significantly. b. a time when good mental health is at its peak, with the lowest rates of depression or other major mental health problems. c. a time that is not significantly different from any other time of adulthood with regard to depression, but when clients may face many transitions. d. a time when depression rates are at their peak, with the highest prevalence of any time in the life span. d The dimension of parenting style called parental responsiveness can usefully be broken down into two characteristics: acceptance (affection, involvement, concern) and Select one: a. monitoring. b. authority. c. democracy. d. skepticism. c Which of the following characteristics are typical of "popular" crowds in American high schools? Select one: a. Some drug use or other illicit behavior b. Heavy drug use and delinquent behavior c. Strong ties with teachersd. High academic achievement a Which of the following individuals embodies the kind of thinking that occurs at Perry's highest level, Position 9? Select one: a. Carson, who is anxious to please his teachers by adopting their intellectual positions. b. Luis, who is beginning to accept the values and behaviors of people of different groups. c. Jamar, who affirms his religious beliefs by becoming a minister, even though he still has doubts. d. Gina, who does not apply herself rigorously because she doesn't think her teacher is fair. c Which of the following is the best example of fifth-stage thinking? Select one: a. Carrie listens with great empathy and concern to her counseling client. b. Kendra learns about several different religions, finds all of them internally consistent and appealing in some ways. c. Josh evaluates the assumptions of those who favor and those who oppose the death penalty and finds both arguments unconvincing. d. Trevor solves a complicated equation in abstract mathematics. b How do sociologists classify actions like entry into marriage and becoming a parent? as marker eventsArnott's research suggests that young adults today believe that adulthood is primarily defined... on the basis of more subjective judgments of psychological independence Which of these is the best definition of relativistic thought according to Perry? weighing evidence and deciding upon the most defensible alternative Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions that Kitchener used to differentiate the stages of reflective judgement? The age of the individual Among the important differences between adult-adult attachments and child-adult attachments is the... greater degree of symmetry in adult-adult attachments Hazan and Zeifman (1999) asked 6- to 17-year-olds questions about attachment needs. They found that peers met some attachment needs during childhood or early adolescence, but that peers did not fulfill other attachment needs unless they became romantic partners. Which of the following attachment needs were shifted to peers even for the youngest children in this study? proximity maintenance Research on job satisfaction indicates which of the following? How well personality characteristics match the demands of a job is an important ingredient in job satisfaction Current research indicates that in the last 50 years, gender differences in career development have... changes in some ways, but remained the same in others, particularly in that women will give greater priority to their role as caregiver, and men still give greater priority to their role as breadwinner Integration is critical in healthy brain function. This is demonstrated by impaired link or over-linkage in the following mental health diagnoses: PTSD and bipolar disorderSelf-organization is always attempting to move us toward increasing levels of complexity: it is enhanced when flexibility is reduced. False The Phones Gage matrix describes a syndrome due to frontal lobe damage that diminishes an individual's emotional intensity. From this syndrome we have learned that with decreased emotional intensity comes lesser tendency to plan and make rational decision Izard and others have found that at birth or soon after, infants' facial expressions display which of the following emotions? contentment Beginning in the first hours after birth, caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention, such as... smiling, affectionate touching, and high-pitched vocalizations When Tamara responds to the crying of her 4-month-old baby, jessie, she tries to figure out what has caused the baby's distress (hunger, wet diaper, etc.) while making soothing sounds and holding the baby. Tamara's actions are _____________ Jessie's developing emotion regulation abilities. scaffolding According to Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following purpose(s) have attachment systems evolved o serve, for both the younger and the older infant? Assuring survival and security In Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy? A working model of self, of others, and of relationships In a classic study of the development of separation distress, Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found... that by 8 months babies usually develop a strong preference for one caregiverAt 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Her temperament would be called... difficult At 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Susie's mother, Anne wants to be a good caregiver, but Suzie's fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure. Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cried, because she feels like it will be no good. What advice should Anne's counselor giver her? Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help susie to better regulate her emotions Developmental researchers use the term "goodness of fit" to refer to the match between the caregiver's responses to a child and the child's temperament Recent research on the self-system supports the idea that the self is _________ in nature. multidimensional The term ______________ refers to the description of a person's attributes, whereas the term ______________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes. self-concept/self-esteem Which of the following is a critical element that underlies the development of self-control Emotion Regulation Surya wants 8-year old Leila to start her homework. Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV. Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply. Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey. Leila begins to wail, saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understand it anyway. At this point the phone rings. Surya gets absorbed in the call. Thirty minutes later, Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensures. Surya, exhausted from the struggle, takes her to bed. Which behavior is likely to increase next time?TV viewing A family comes to a counselor with the following problem. Both parents come home from work tired. Dinner is rushed because homework time for the 3rd grade twins takes hours. bath and bedtime have become daily battles. The parents threaten the children, but the children typically get their parents to give in. This is best described as an example of coercive family patterns Piaget's description of the differences between preparation thought (preschool) and concrete operation thought (elementary school), includes which of the following? Pre operational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered Which of the following is a difference between working memory and long-term memory? Working memory has a limited capacity whereas long-term memory has almost unlimited capacity Imagine you are counseling a 6th grader on how to improve her stud skills so she will remember more information on tests. You teach her some memory strategies and also encourage her to engage in selftesting so that she will begin self-monitoring, that is, keeping track of how well she is remembering new material. What kind of skill is this kind of self-monitoring? A metacognitive skill Individuals with low levels of self-esteem are more likely than those with high self esteem to... go along with peers even when they do not agree According to research on self-concept n children, which of the following aspects of self-concept is most likely tied to overall level of self-esteem? Physical Appearance Which of the following statements is true with respect to moral development? Many adults reach the point where they reason about moral issues using universal ethical standardsEach moment, the brain automatically tries to determine what is going on; it does this by activating a mental model and classing experience. This helps to bias present perceptions, and thus to allow for more rapid processing of the immediate environment. This is called: prospective memory Finish the sentence: "Neurons that fire together, ________________ wire together." If the brain appraises an event as _____________________, it will be more likely to be recalled in the future. meaningful Moderate stress facilitates memory true How does Erikson's "trust or mistrust" stage relate to attachment 1. secure base 2. repeated interactions 3. explore environment 4. regulate emotions Piaget believed that children "cannot yet symbolically represent their experiences, and so they cannot really reflect on them." (p. 13). If this is so, then how do children establish a pattern of attachment repeated interactions that create and model of attachment Name 2 areas research shows culture affects development and neuroplasticity context vs object relation vs category causal vs contextualizedAttachment has four main functions. Name 3 of them 1. sense of security 2. emotional expression 3. secure base Ainsworth's research resulted in 4 attachment classifications: name 3 of them 1. secure 2. insecure/avoidant 3. insecure/anxious 4. insecure/disorganized In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers, alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus. Which of the fooling processes or principles does this example demonstrate? Epigenesis Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following sequences would you expect to be correct? the heart begins to form before the hands Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the development fetus? The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure When she was pregnant, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food was in short supply in her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born and his mother was able to provide adequate, nutritious food throughout his childhood. Write the outcomes for late life. 1. Developmental Delays 2. Diabetes 3. ObesityMassage therapy for infants has been successful in promoting weight gain, social interaction and in decreasing distress in low birth weight infants. Based upon developmental research, what is the best explanation for this? Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn Which cognitive achievement underlies a baby's ability to form an attachment to a specific adult, like a parent or other caregiver? Object permanence Jacinta, the mother of a 10-month old baby boy, is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning. Whose opinion of the situation is most consistent with what you have learned about infant cognitive development? He is Jacinta's neighbor, who says her children went through this page and Jacinta should try to be understanding and maintain and consistent environment Jacinta, the mother of a 10-month old baby boy, is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning. Which explanation of his behavior is most likely accurate? He is showing separation distress because his recall memory is improving during this period. Sam is at home with his two children, 3 year old Daria and 6 week old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers cognitive development, what would you tell Sam? Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. When 2 year old Sabrina does not comply with requests, her mother tells her that she is not acting like a good girl and that Sabrina's father and sisters will be disappointed. She is told to wait until they come home when she will be punished for her misbehavior. What advice should a counselor give to Sabrina's mother? Any consequence for misbehavior should be immediate, because Sabrina is too young to understand cause and effect when the consequences are delayed.The "American paradox" refers to... increases in rates of depression despite increases in wealth At 50 years old, Andrew is an important source of support for his younger sister who has a serious disability. As a computer engineer, Andrew has made a practice of designing computer devices that help his sister and others in her situation interact with the wider world. Andrew sees his work as important in the lives of others. Andrew's view of his life is an example of: global meaning Anna is a 44 year old divorced mother of two teenagers. Anna's father, who lives alone in a nearby suburb, has recently been diagnosed with lung cancer. Anna needs to take her father to and from medical appointments while she tries to manage the demands of her own full-time job. She goes to the employee assistance counselor at work for help in coping with the demands of her situation. The counselor understand that the demands on Anna are too great given her available resources, a phenomenon called role strain Michael, age 10, is coming to therapy because his parents believe he has ADHD. His younger brother, Jeremy, died 2 years ago at age 4. During the intake you discover that Michael's father is frequently tearful about Jeremy's death and Michael tries to comfort him. Michael's mother does not talk about the death, is never emotional in front of the family, and has at least 2 glasses of wine every night. What is happening? The attunement between the parents and Michael is disturbed due to the unresolved loss by both parents Medications are not helpful for normal mental health issues and create a sense of dependency when systems-based interpersonal therapy would be more effective False Several factors at preretirement are strong predictors of positive attitudes toward retirement later, including feeling confident in relation with friendsWhen Francesca, age 62, discovered that her retirement plan had suffered losses in the stock market, she realized that she would not be able to retire within the next year as she had expected to do. Francesca began to spend a great deal of time ruminating about her situation, especially about how sad she was that this problem had arisen after she had worked so hard all of her life. Which of the following is an accurate description of Francesca's coping at this point? She is using no coping strategy Training in some professions is more likely to foster wisdom than training in other professions. Which of the following is one of the professions that seem to benefit wisdom development? Clinical psychology A ______________ emotion arises with increases in integration, whereas a ___________ emotion occurs with decreases in integration. Positive, Negative What role does culture play in integration different sides of the brains with different cultures Conditions that create developmental risk include which of the following? Mark all that are correct. 1. Impaired parenting 2. A parents who changes jobs frequently 3. Living in an apartment 4. Child with chronic illness 5. Social inequality and disadvantage A well-organized family with minimal conflict among members suppresses the genetic predisposition of schizophrenia from being realized True Disruptive behavior in children may be the result of these 3 family factors 1. Disengaged parents2. High parental conflict 3. Maltreatment Exposure to racism is always a significant risk factor for minority children False Name 4 examples of transactional factors 1. Violence in community 2. Poor school systems 3. Poor access to healthcare 4. Living in lower SES substance abuse, divorce, corporal punishment, domestic violence, poverty, chronic illness, poor coping skills Describe how evidence-based treatment interests with symptoms, development, and transactional factors. Evidence based treatment examines the symptomatic behavior and looks at what occurred in the past that may be contributing to or maintaining the current symptomatic behavior. This includes analyzing both risk and protective factors as well as attachment style. The intervention will depend on the developmental context of the individual and depend on how many transactional factors are intersecting with and potentiating one another. The most common type of childhood mental health problem is anxiety It is better for children when divorced parents share custody. Describe 3 situations when this is not true 1. Diminished functioning (depression, dependency, money) 2. Conflict 3. Loss of involvement of custodial parent (disengagement)Yvonne is a 13 year old 8th grade who is a new student in an urban middle school. She recently moved into the area with her mother and her 3 siblings. The family moved to be nearer to Yvonne's grandparents after the breakup of her parents' relationship. Yvonne is tall for her age and is bother by the looks and sexual comments about her breasts from boys in her school. She has made few friends at the new school. Which of the following is not true with regard to Yvonne's level of moodiness? Yvonne's moodiness is likely to increase because she has higher expectations for academic success than her male peers Currently avilable evidence is strongest for _________ influence on the development of gender identity, and there is no reliable evidence for _________ causes after birth prenatal/environmental Beth comes from a working class family. Since her father is disable and unemployed, Beth needed to take a full-time job right after high school to help her mother. Fortunately, she got a job as a receptionist in her uncle's real estate business. The secretarial skills she learned in high school help pay the family's bills. According to Marcia's categories of identity statues, which placement would you assign to Beth with regard to her vocational identity? Foreclosed Steinberg and Scott (2003) argue that when teenagers are found guilty of a crime, it may be that their culpability is mitigated in comparison to that of typical adults. Which of these is not one of the reasons they argue teenagers are probably less culpable than adults? Fluctuating hormone levels Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with positive outcomes in psychosocial development and school achievement for adolescents? Authoritative What does the "two-pronged approach" focus on helping adolescents with their behavioral, social or academic problems? reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors Describe and explain 4 ways parent attunement is related to infant development. emotional stability which helps infants regulate arousalsecure attachment which gives infants the foundation to build upon with exploration infants develop language and communication skills as a result of parental responsiveness parents provide good/positive working model for babies. They expect the parent to respond to them during distress Theorists who argue that personality is determined almost exclusively by parents' childrearing style support which view of human development? Nurture In order for children to participate in research, what types of permission do the researchers need to get? Permission from both parents (of children under 18) and children The advantage of doing a survey is it is more accurate than doing an experiment. False Adults in London, England, who were teenagers living there during the bombings of World War II, all report that their lives were changed by those events. This exemplifies which of the following? Normative history-graded changes The greatest advantage of naturalistic observation is that it shows people in their natural environment Peer relationships, parenting, marriage, and attachment are all aspects in which domain? social Which of the following is an example of a normative age-graded change? you are taller now than when you were two years oldStella, age 12, is in the 6th grade but still reads at a 3rd grade level. Developmentalists would suggest that there is a problem in which domain of development? cognitive If puberty begins for girls with the onset of menstruation, puberty could be considered a matter of qualitative development Some theorists might argue that there is little value in providing children with experiences aimed at stimulating growth. They most likely believe that development is largely due to nature What term is used to describe changes in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills? cognitive An advantage of the cross-sectional study over the longitudinal is that The cross-sectional study takes less time then the longitudinal The Maple Leaf Elementary School counselor, social worker, and the parents of eight-year-old Jimmy Jackson are working as a cooperative team to determine why Jimmy exhibits a pattern of highly aggressive behavior toward his peers and teachers. Jimmy's behavior has been extensively observed, he has been subjected to a battery of psychological tests, and his parents have been interviewed. This indepth examination of Jimmy Jackson is an example of a case study Of the following, which is the BEST example of naturalistic observation? Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms. To study how age influences the development of morality, Professor Smith measured the morality of 3- year-olds, 6-year-olds, and 10-year-olds ALL AT THE SAME TIME. This is an example of.cross sectional study Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of human development places primary emphasis on the interactions among the contexts in which children live and develop. Which of the following best summarizes social-cognitive learning theory? Rewards and punishers are not always necessary as children learn through observing siblings' interactions with their parents. Which of the following is the best description of the process of accommodation? Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following best demonstrates the functioning of the id? Stealing a CD because you really want it "Social interactions are the most important contributors to a child's healthy development." Which of the following theories would most likely support this statement? Sociocultural According to an information-processing viewpoint, when we hear a word, it first enters our ________; then it moves into our ________. sensory memory; short-term memory Which theorist first stated that development occurs throughout the lifespan? Erikson ________ studies the effect of heredity on individual differences. behavior geneticsAccording to the principles of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, how you act at a party depends upon which of the following to guide and direct your behavior? scheme Information processing theorists liken the human mind to a computer Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is grounded. Which of the following has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores? punishment The idea that a developing person can be scaffolded from one level to a higher one, through participatory assistance from an adult or a more highly skilled child, is at the center of _____ theory. vygostsky's sociocultural Behavior is more likely to reoccur if it has been reinforced Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following? The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality? id, ego, superego What does current research say about smoking during pregnancy? Pregnant women should quit smoking because infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy weigh an average of one-half pound less at birth. Which of the following aspects of neonatal functioning is assessed by the Apgar scale?skin color The developing baby gets nutrition from..... umbilical cord When is the worst period/trimester to take a teratogen? embryonic stage The age of viability is the point at which the fetus can first survive if born early (with proper medical care). A blastocyst is floating inside of Daria's uterus. In what stage is Daria's pregnancy? germinal Phillip has red hair, which comes from a recessive gene. This must mean that Phillip received the gene from both parents Whichis the worst drug to take while pregnant in terms of lasting cognitive deficitsfor the baby? alcohol Menrelease approximately 300 million of sperm during intercourse. How many of those sperm reach the egg? a few hundred Fred was born into a familywith high musical talent. Both his parents were professional musicians. Fred however has NEVER played a musicalinstrument. Fred probably has... a genotype for musical talent The trimester/period when the majority of organs are first developed is....embryonic stage Where does the fertilization of the ovum take place in a normal pregnancy? fallopian tubes Which of the following is a correct statement about the events leading up to conception? After ejaculation, sperm travel the following path: the woman's vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube. Which of the following is the final stage of labor? delivery of the placenta The embryonic stage of gestation covers what time period? first 2-8 weeks Infant's are born with over a dozen reflexes. These reflexes disappear at 6 months because...... they gain voluntary control over their muscle movements Which of the following is the simplest precaution that a parent can take to reduce the risk of SIDS? position infant on back to sleep Your brain has the ability to change in response to experience. This ability is known as plasticity When my friend Amanda used to breastfeed her daughter, she would put a towel on her lap first in case her daughter spit up. Over time (with repeated exposure) to her putting the towel on her lap before feeding her daughter, her daughter began to expect to be fed when she saw the towel go on her mom's lap. In fact, it was pretty funny. Her mom would put the towel on her lap and her daughter would start to drool! This is an example of what type of learning? classical conditioningWith regard to breastfeeding, which statement is correct? Breast milk stimulates better immune-system function. Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive development? sensorimotor If an infant is babbling and accidentally babbles something that sounds like a real word, the child's parents show interest and encouragement. That encouragement reinforces the child's "accidental word," leading to further attempts to form such words. This example demonstrates which of the following views of language development? behaviorist The "visual cliff" is used to measure which of the following? depth perception Your daughter 2 months old. Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding sensory capabilities? she can hear very well Which of the following is one of the major ways neurons in the brain develop in infancy? synaptogenesis Most of us speak in high-pitched voices when speaking to a young child. Which of the following terms best describes this type of speaking? infant-directed speech Which of the following is NOT a reason why babies have infant reflexes? helps to facilitate brain developmentWhich theorist felt that language was an innate function that we were born with. This theorist had the nativist perspective... noam chomsky When an infant cries, the caregiver responds by picking up the child, changing a diaper, or feeding. These actions by the caregiver serve as reinforcements, increasing the likelihood that the child will again communicate certain needs by crying. This demonstrates that even an infant learns through which type of conditioning? operant What is the name of the sheath around the axons that serves as insulation and speeds neural transmissions? myelin The emotional and behavioral predispositions present at birth are thought to be the foundation of personality. These predispositions are collectively referred to as temperament Yong Park is nine months old. Lately when his mother tries to leave him in the church nursery, he cries and clings to his mother. His seems especially anxious if there is a new worker in the nursery. Considering his age, Yong Park is probably experiencing which of the following? separation anxiety Roberto is 11 months old. He smiles a lot, is generally cheerful, and shows little anxiety around strangers. Which type of temperament does Roberto have? easy Bart depends on his mother for everything he needs. When he cries, she responds with food or a clean diaper or a cuddle. Erikson would say that Bart's mother is helping him resolve the conflict known as trust vs mistrust A parent can help a baby todevelop trust bycaring for their baby in a consistent fashion Research has shown that the quality of parent-child attachment affects adjustment in other areas through adulthood A child is more likely to develop a secureattachment if.... they have parents who provide them consistent and loving care Ainsworth concluded that the quality ofattachment was based mainly on how ____ the mother was. sensitive and responsive Which of the following is one of the dimensions proposed by researchers who study temperament? activity level Children with insecure attachment... all of the above A child who shifts uncomfortably and clings to her mother when people she doesn't know are around is experiencing ____, while a child who cries in protest when his mother leaves the room is experiencing _____. stranger anxiety, separation anxiety A child shows no interest in contact with her mother following a separation. This child does not specifically resist the mothers' efforts, but she will not seek much contact. She shows no preference for her mother over a stranger. Which of the following best describes this child? insecure/avoidant All-in-all, what seems to be the most important factor in cognitive development in children? appropriate levels of stimulationChad cries and his mother responds immediately. When he coos at his mother, she smiles and cuddles him. Developmentalists would say that this is an example of which of the following? synchrony Which of the following groups of children is most likely to benefit the most from non-familial day care? children from poor homes According to your text, early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for which part of the brain? corpus callosum Infantile amnesia is most likely due to which of the following? Maturation of the connections between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex Recent research supports the theory that handedness is the result of which of the following? genetics Stephen was abused before being placed in foster care. He frequently has nightmares about the abuse and even has flashbacks of the abuse during the day. He has difficulty concentrating at school and is falling behind academically. From which of the following is Stephen likely suffering? ptsd Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of child abuse? parental depression When Mickey was five, he gave his mother a dead frog for her birthday. Mickey didn't understand why his mother didn't like her gift, because he thought the frog was cool. This represents what type of thinking? egocentricWhich of the following best describes centration? When a child focuses only on one aspect of a problem or situation at a time Which of the following terms defines the ability to link new words to real world referents? fast-mapping When Simon says, "My hamster runned away," he is using overregularization Researchers who have analyzed the IQ scores of adopted twins have found that identical twins are more like one another in IQ than fraternal twins are. They also have found that the IQs of adopted children are more strongly correlated with the IQs of their biological parents than with the IQs of their adoptive parents. These research results suggest that intelligence has a genetic component All of the following are true of physical development in early childhood EXCEPT childrens brains are fully developed One of the best ways to encourage preschool age children to eat nutritious food is to eat nutritious food in front of them. true Sally (age 3) and George (age 2) are at the circus. George is crying hysterically because the lights and clowns scare him. Sally's mom says they have to leave because George doesn't like the circus. Sally has NO understanding of how anyone could not like the circus. Why? she lacks theory of mind A child develops the ability to ask, "Where are you going?" Prior to this development, the child would skip the auxiliary verb and say, "Where you going?" This is an example of the grammar explosionBetween studies involving adopted children and twins, there is evidence that the variation in IQ scores is due to a combo of hereditary and environment According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy. Which of the following is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period? Families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with their parental need to protect and control their children. What is the term that describes a child's ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when they are angry? emotional regulation Tyler saw that his mother was upset. He toddled over to her and tried to hand her his bottle, as if to comfort her. Hoffman would say that Tyler is demonstrating which of the following? egocentric empathy When 4-year-old Mariella thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using which of the following? gender schema Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion's grasp of what principle? gender constancy According to gender schema theory, which of the following will be true of a 5- or 6-year-old child? they will treat gender rules as absoluteWhich of the following best summarizes the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females? The presence or absence of testosterone prenatally has a strong influence on behavior. Six-year-old Harry asks his mother if he can stay up until 9 p.m. on Friday night to watch a special educational TV program. His mother says, "We'll try it this once to see how it goes." What is Harry's mother's parenting style? authoritative Will rarely turns in his school work and does not seem concerned when he gets bad grades. His parents seem to love him and they give him pretty much whatever he asks for and believe that most parents are too strict. When he was in trouble at school, Will's parents minimized the teacher's concerns as silly and did not punish Will. Which parenting style would you say best describes Will's parents? permissive Which parenting style is associated with the most socially competent children? authoritative In a study of how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles, researchers found that which parenting style was linked to positive outcomes for African American and Asian American adolescents? authoritarian Which of the following changes in children would one expect to see in the first few years after divorce? They typically show more aggressive, defiant, or negative behavior. When four-year-old Deirdre wants an item or an activity, she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants. Her parents' decision to give into Deidra's demands in this fashion will reinforce her behavior and possibly create a long-lasting pattern of aggression and defiance. What can parents do to help reduce the negative impact of divorce on their children?Have the parents to through mediation instead of going to court to negotiate a divorce agreement and custody. Cindy enjoys playing violent video games. Which of the following might you predict about Cindy's behavior in general? Cindy is likely to be different from other girls in terms of physical aggression and preference for violent television programming. What causes ADHD? the exact cause is unknown In support of the hypothesis that improved processing efficiency accounts for cognitive development, researchers have found that children's thinking and response time gets faster with age Most children with ADHD are successful in learning academic skills. true According to your text, which of the following is the key to self-esteem? The amount of discrepancy between what a child wants and what the child thinks he or she has achieved Which of the following would most likely be a resilient child? The child who lives in a neglectful environment but shows few adverse effects because she has the support of her teachers and extended family. Which of the following is the best example of a child's use of inductive logic? Imani's teacher was kind on the first day of class. From that, he assumed that she is probably a nice person. According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral development at which stage?moral realism Which of the following refers to children's global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they are? self esteem Which of the following pose the most significant health risks among school-aged children? accidents and obesity Memory skills, metacognitive abilities, and problem solving strategies are all part of which of the following? executive processes Which of the following is Piaget's stage of moral development in which children understand that sometimes rules can be changed by social agreement? moral relativism Gabbie is trying to decide what to wear today. It is going to be raining this morning but should be clearing off later. In addition, Gabbie knows that she has riding lessons after school, so she needs to take that into account when she chooses her clothes. On top of that, today is the pep rally, meaning Gabbie is expected to wear her school colors. In order to select an appropriate outfit without assistance, Gabbie must be capable of which of the following? decentration Which of the following is the child's ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direct supervision? self regulation At what ages do the two major brain growth spurts occur? 13-15 & 17-20 Which of the following is a change in primary sex characteristics that takes place during puberty?growth of the uterus According to current research, which of the following accounts for the secular trend in development worldwide? improvements in nutrition and healthcare Which of the following groups is more likely to have a negative body image, get into trouble at school and with peers, and engage in delinquent behavior? early maturing girls Which of the following statements best summarizes the research as to the causes of homosexuality? The research does not clearly point to either genetics or environment, but rather indicates that sexual orientation is a result of both genetic and environmental factors. Which of the following terms applies to a person whose psychological gender does not match their biological sex? transgendered Which of the following factors is likely to contribute to the development of depression among adolescents? genetic factors Piaget, through his fourth stage, believed that adolescence is the time when children's main task is to learn which of the following? to reason logically about abstract concepts Fourteen-year-old Muhammed won a contest sponsored by the local newspaper to celebrate a championship basketball game. The object of the contest was to determine how many words could be made from the word "score." Which newly developed ability of formal operational thought would have been most helpful to Muhammed? The ability to search systematically and methodologically for the solutions to a problemCharlene has achieved formal operational thought and is about to attempt Piaget's pendulum task. What can she do that she was UNABLE to do when she was still in the concrete operations stage? Evaluate the effects of multiple factors in systematic, methodical fashion One of the main reasons memory improves in adolescence is that they develop the use of metacognition true Studies suggest that adolescent depression has roots in both nature and nurture During adolescence, depression is more common among ________, and a completed suicide attempt is ________. girls; more common in boys Dakota is getting ready for school one morning when, to her horror, she notices a pimple forming on her cheek. She returns to her room, sobbing, and pleads with her parents not to make her go to school that day. "Every single person in the whole school is going to be looking at my zit and talking about it all day!" she weeps. Dakota's response illustrates the concept of an imaginary audience Which areas of the brain develop during adolescence? cerebral and prefrontal cortex Which of the following represents Erikson's central crisis of adolescence? identity vs role confusion According to James Marcia, a person who has examined her values and choices, and who has committed to a specific role, value, or ideology is in which stage of identity status? achievementJuanita is planning to go to nursing school because her parents work at the local clinic. She has never even considered other options. Juanita is in which stage of identity development, according to James Marcia? foreclosure Ahmed does not know what he wants to do when he graduates from high school, and he is not worried about it. He says, "That decision will take care of itself." Marcia would say that Ahmed is in which stage of identity status? diffusion Which of the following statements is true regarding adolescent self-esteem? Teens of all ethnicities in the U.S. are likely to experience a drop in self-esteem as they transition from childhood to early adolescence. Maria's father is from Mexico and her mother is Caucasian and was born in North Dakota. Maria's father expects Maria to listen to traditional Mexican music, dress conservatively, and attend mass every Sunday. This would be an example of which of the following according to Root's research? proving authenticity At the preconventional stage of Kohlberg's levels of moral development, a child's moral reasoning is based on which of the following? The outcome or consequences of an action The rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs, such as the family, peer group, or religion, become the basis of moral judgments during which level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning? conventional morality How do peer group pressures affect adolescents? Adolescents are most likely to choose a peer group that shares their values, attitudes, behavior, and identity status. Teenagers' self-concepts arehierarchical, so competency in one area builds toward global self-concept. Civil disobedience as a moral choice reflects a(n) ________ level of morality. postconventional In order to develop higher-level moral reasoning, teens need not only the ability to perceive a situation from another person's perspective, but also opportunities to discuss issues and reasoning in a thoughtful, responsive environment. Contrary to the beliefs of many adults, it is not just sexual desire that prompts teen romantic relationships; instead, strong ________ play into the formation of romantic relationships. social factors Evidence suggests that homosexual teens often experience some degree of sexual attraction to both sexes prior to self-identifying as gay or lesbian. A teenager's sense of well-being or happiness is nearly always strongly correlated with the quality of the attachement to her parents What is the term that researchers use to describe the basic, underlying, inevitable processes of physical change that affect all human beings? primary aging Human Development The general consensus is that disorders of the autism spectrum are neurobiological in nature and have high family concordance rates. The ability to use language to communicate effectively by using well-organized narratives primarily depends upon the development of ____________ skill.Pragmatic Research using habituation and preferential response paradigms has provided us with much of what we know about the infant's perceptual abilities. The habituation paradigm takes advantage of baby's tendency to orient to new stimulation According to Vygotsky, language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____________ that facilitates learning and thinking. Tool or sign Vygotsky believed that egocentric or private speech (talking aloud to one's self) played an important role in cognitive development by helping organize young children's thinking, as a precursor to self-regulation. Which of the following research techniques is an appropriate method for studying cognitive development of individuals during the sensorimotor period? Habituation paradigm. Which of the following is the best example of the concept of a zone of proximal development? Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her homework. As a rule of thumb, when might an evaluation by a speech pathologist be advisable? If by age 4 the child's language is not understandable to people outside the family Carla, a 10-month-old infant, sees her caregiver enter the room carrying a bottle of milk for another child in the day care center. Carla watches the caregiver give the bottle to the other child, and then extends her hands toward the bottle, making noises that indicate she wants one as well. Her caregiver notices, picks Carla up, and quickly prepares a bottle for her. In this example, Carla is demonstrating decentration Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old includerolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects. Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-week-old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers cognitive development, what would you tell Sam? Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently construct a definition for each a word they learn, but rather they learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called Mediated learning Assimilation can be described as ____________ and accommodation can be described as ____________. incorporating information / restructuring information. In a classic study of the development of separation distress, Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that by 8 months babies usually develop a strong preference for one caregiver. In Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the strange situation test, the children tended to fit which category of attachment? Anxious ambivalent. Izard and others have found that at birth or soon after, infants' facial expressions display which of the following emotions? Contentment Beginning in the first hours after birth, caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention, such assmiling, affectionate touching, and high-pitched vocalizations. At 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Suzie's mother, Anne, wants to be a good caregiver, but Suzie's fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure. Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cries, because she feels like it will do no good. What advice should Anne's counselor give her? Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie to better regulate her emotions. Which of the following is true about breastfeeding as compared to bottle-feeding? Breast milk contains beneficial disease antibodies and growth hormones not contained in formulas. Basic emotions such as _____________ can be observed in young infants, but self-conscious emotions such as ____________ only emerge in childhood. contentment and pride / anger and shame A parent whose own working model of attachment is "preoccupied/entangled" is likely to have an infant with which of the following kinds of attachment? Avoidant Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn. Brain research indicates that, in comparison to other infants his age, Alex will have brain activation patterns resembling those of fearful and inhibited children. According to Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following purpose(s) have attachment systems evolved to serve, for both the younger and the older infant? Assuring survival and security. The still-face paradigm has been used primarily to study emotion regulation in infants.Which of the following is not true with regard to the definition of reactive attachment disorder? These children often show indiscriminant friendliness toward strangers instead of more typical caution. Sasha, a 3-year-old girl, was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. Which type of discipline did Sasha's father use? Power assertion. Which of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person? guilt Counselors who do parent training primarily use which approach for this work? Learning theory Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways that their children can understand are using what disciplinary method? induction At what age would a young child typically show self-recognition, the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror? By 13 months Sasha, a 3-year-old girl, was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. His loud voice made the young girl cry and run to her bed. John's actions appears to elicit ____________ in Sasha. intense anxious arousalNegative reinforcement is best described as when some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed, strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness. Becoming aware of the "Me" self, the self that recognizes one's gender and age, occurs roughly around what age? Shortly after 2 years Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework. Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV. Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply. Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey. Leila begins to wail, saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway. At this point the phone rings. Surya gets absorbed in the call. Thirty minutes later, Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues. Surya, exhausted from the struggle, take her to bed. This scenario is an example of which phenomenon? Patterson's coercive family process. The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of Self-concept Which of the following best represents Mead's contribution to our understanding of self-development? Children internalize the orientations and values of their families and cultural groups in constructing their sense of self. Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children. Which of the following statements is true in this regard? Puerto Rican mothers were more likely than European American mothers to use directives and issue commands with their children. Yvonne is a 13-year-old 8th grader who is a new student in an urban middle school. She recently moved into the area with her mother and her three siblings. The family moved to be nearer to Yvonne's grandparents after the breakup of her parents' relationship. Yvonne is tall for her age and is bothered by the looks and sexual comments about her breasts from boys in her school. She has made few friends at the new school. What does this example illustrate about the ease of the adolescent transition for earlymaturing girls like Yvonne?Early-maturing girls are more likely to be rejected by girls who are less mature. Which of the following is true with regard to the way coping styles relate to depression? Distraction shortens episodes of depression by shortening the time spent focusing on negative events and thus lessening their intensity. Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system. Which of the following explains the beginning of this process? The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream. Which of the following is the best example of a characteristic form of adolescent egocentrism? Fourteen-year-old Breanna believes that her pastor is hypocritical because he lives in a nice house. She thinks it should be sold to feed the poor. Studies show that formal operational thinking is is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts. Which of these statements reflect findings from research on gender differences in identity formation? Both males and females focus on the construction of an identity and the establishment of intimacy simultaneously. Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the onset of menarche? Girls who are very athletic are likely to have earlier onset of menarche. Which of the following elements is most closely associated with the concept of the imaginary audience? A sense of shame. Tessa, a counselor who works with teenagers, meets with Olivia, who attempted suicide after her boyfriend broke up with her. Olivia says she feels that there is no choice but for her to end her life. Ronnie believes that she is destined to die young. This will make her boyfriend mourn for her forever. How would Elkind describe Olivia's view of the world?As a personal fable. A coping style which has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is Rumination The dimension of parenting style called parental responsiveness can usefully be broken down into two characteristics: acceptance (affection, involvement, concern) and Democracy Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with positive outcomes in psychosocial development and school achievement for adolescents? Authoritative For an adolescent engaging in risky behavior (e.g., alcohol use), one strategy that counselors can use is to introduce dissonance into the discussion. Before a counselor can do so effectively, she must interview the teen about his or her own current beliefs and expectations. Research indicates that children's feelings of autonomy from peers are likely to be at their lowest point for which of the following age groups? 8th grade Experimentation with deviant or risky behaviors (drug use, vandalism, sex, truancy, etc.) in adolescence is typical of this age group and can be considered statistically normative. In America, Black and White middle-class communities are similar in many respects but tend to differ in other respects. Which of the following characterizes the differences most accurately? and activities for youngsters. and activities for youngsters. income and dangerous neighborhoods. income and dangerous neighborhoods. Black middle-class neighborhoods are more likely to be adjacent to lowWhen Marla, age 14, decides that she is a good writer because she gets better grades than her friend Jenna on stories she writes for English, she is demonstrating the use of ____________ as part of identity formation. social comparison with peers On the basis of research on parenting, what advice should counselors give parents about how much to be involved in their adolescents' school life? Adolescents' academic achievement is likely to benefit when parents remain actively involved in schoolrelated activities like monitoring homework and serving as partners in school decision making. Roberto, at 15, is finding that he loves to take chances. He enjoys the sensation of being on the edge of danger, whether he is trying a new drug, or riding in a car at top speed with his friends. He frequently looks to his friends before he tries something new, reasoning that if his friends aren't worried about the consequences, then he need not worry either. His reasoning reflects collective egocentrism. What is the "two-pronged approach" to helping adolescents with their behavioral, social, or academic problems? A focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors. According to Erikson, what are the processes involved in the development of identity? Exploration and commitment What does Savin-Williams (2005) argue about the nature of sexual orientation? Sexual orientation is a fluid concept for up to 20% of teens. What percentage of adolescents typically are part of a "popular" crowd in American high schools? 20 Juan, age 15, is Latino. Given his ethnicity, and based on the available research, what would you expect his attitudes to be regarding academic achievement ?He is just as likely as other teens to believe that getting a good education is helpful for future success, but is not as likely to believe that failure in school will limit his future job options. "The reminiscence bump" refers to the large number of autobiographical memories that are retained from the late adolescent through early adult period. How is the gender of an elderly person linked to whether or not others have negative, stereotyped expectations of that person? elderly women are more likely to be seen in a negative way. One theory about grief and mourning after the loss of a loved one is that bereaved individuals eventually reorganize their grief, discovering ways to hold on to the memory of the deceased and integrate that memory into their current life and new attachments. This idea is attributable to the work of Bowlby When Francesca, age 62, discovered that her retirement plan had suffered losses in the stock market, she realized that she would not be able to retired within the next year as she had expected to do. Francesca began to spend a great deal of time ruminating about her situation, especially about how sad she was that this problem had arisen after she had worked so hard all of her life. Which of the following is an accurate description of Francesca's coping at this point? She is using an emotion-focused mechanism. Several factors at preretirement are strong predictors of positive attitudes toward retirement later, including feeling confident in relationships with friends. Mary, age 82, keeps insisting that someone has been sneaking into her apartment and turning on her stove when she isn't looking. Her family has noticed that Mary has been more and more forgetful lately, and now she has begun rambling in her speech and using many word substitutions, like "horse" for "dog." Mary is likely to be suffering from Alzheimer's disease.Which of the following are aspects of palliative care? Pain management and emotional care. Which of the following describes a typical stage progression in retirement, according to Atchley? Honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, stability, termination. In Erikson's concept of the final stage of life, achievement of integrity can be construed as "a gift of courage and caring for the generations that follow" because death comes to be seen as a natural stage of life, not something to be feared. When Jeanine, a successful surgeon, began to suffer from arthritis in her hands, she stopped doing surgery, continuing only the consulting portion of her medical practice, and accepted a position as Dean of the medical school at the university hospital where she had her practice. Narrowing her medical practice to consulting work represents an example of Selection How do the attitudes toward death among elderly people compare to the attitudes of younger age groups? Elderly people report less anxiety about death than middle-aged adults. Theorizing about grief and mourning after the loss of a loved one has traditionally centered on the importance of "letting go" of the loved one and accepting the loss. This focus is attributable to the work of Freud According to research by Baltes and associates, in which decade is the growth of wisdom likely to be greatest? From 15 to 25 In self-determination theory, which of the following is considered one of the basic psychological needs that motivates our adaptation or coping efforts at any age? AutonomyIn several studies of the benefits of searching for meaning in the loss of a loved one, which of the following individuals were likely to show the most distress in the long run? Those who tried but failed to find meaning in their loss. Which of the following is part of a consensus view of a "good death" among all or most seriously ill patients? The desire to be touched and kept clean. Which of these is the best definition of relativistic thought according to Perry? Weighing evidence and deciding upon the most defensible alternative. How do sociologists classify actions like entry into marriage and becoming a parent? As marker events. Globalization has begun to affect the young adult period in developing nations by increasing the length of time individuals spend in self-exploration before taking on adult responsibilities. Which of the following has the greatest potential to interfere with mature critical thinking and reflective judgment? Lack of metacognitive ability. Arnett proposes that the stage of life from age 18 to approximately 25 be called emerging adulthood. Donna runs a day care center. After many years of hard work, the business has grown and provides a steady income. Donna's daughter, Elaine, has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own. In order to provide this loan, Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center, including reducing staff by at least two employees. Based on what you know about Donna, what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment? The executive stage.Donna runs a day care center. After many years of hard work, the business has grown and provides a steady income. Donna's daughter, Elaine, has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own. In order to provide this loan, Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center, including reducing staff by at least two employees. Based on what you know about Elaine, what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment? The achieving stage. Based upon research on Perry's theory, helping professionals should provide ____________ for dualists and ____________ for multiplists. support / challenge A counselor helping a young adult client with procrastination must recognize that this problem can have many sources. In young adulthood, one common developmental source is poor self-management skills. Jane is a newly minted therapist who works with couples and families. Her decision was motivated by her sister Melinda's experience of spousal abuse. When Jane meets with her supervisor to review cases, he points out that when her female clients cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands, Jane takes their side. She believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse. According to Kitchener's theory, on what assumption is Jane operating? Determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience. Counselors should know that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is a time when depression rates are at their peak, with the highest prevalence of any time in the life span. Studies of brain activity during the early adult years suggest an increased capacity for behavioral and emotional control. Despite the disagreements among theorists about the existence of a fifth stage of cognitive development, nearly all agree that thinking about adult real-life problems tends to become increasingly relativistic.Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to the physical skills of young adult athletes? Females reach peak performance earlier than their male counterparts. Which of the following individuals would most likely be in the reorganizational stage according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment? A 62-year-old truck driver. Which of the following individuals embodies the kind of thinking that occurs at Perry's highest level, Position 9? Jamar, who affirms his religious beliefs by becoming a minister, even though he still has doubts. In Super's developmental approach to career satisfaction, he argues that an individual's vocational selfconcept evolves over time. What is the career development stage that usually characterizes adolescents and young adults? The exploratory stage. According to research on adult partner selection, secure individuals tend to select ____________ individuals as partners. Secure In a study of relationship satisfaction and stability over a 3-year period, which of the following types of partnerships was the most likely to break up? Anxious-ambivalent man with avoidant woman. When clients come to counseling for problems such as relationships or children's poor behavior, helpers should be cognizant of the possible contributions of the stresses of the contemporary working world. Currently in the United States, people are typically working more hours in a year than they did a decade ago. Erikson believed that a sense of industry, believing in and taking pleasure in one's ability to be productive, first emergesin the elementary school years When Ms. S completed the attachment interview assessing her own relationship to her early caregivers, she provided answers that were coherent and collaborative, and she acknowledged the importance of attachment-related experiences in her development. Her attachment status would most likely be categorized as autonomous Andrea is an adult with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style. Consistent with her attachment style, what is most likely to be true of Andrea's romantic relationship? She is likely to report a lack of trust in her relationship. When a parent is classified as "dismissive" on the basis of an attachment interview assessing the parent's attachment to early caregivers, that parent's baby is most likely to have an attachment to the parent that is classified as Avoidant Ms. S. and her infant just participated in an attachment study. First, Ms. S. was interviewed to determine how she represented her attachment relationship with her own early caregivers. Second, the researchers assessed the quality of her baby's attachment to Ms. S. They are seeking to identify relationships between a parent's working model of attachment and the quality of the attachment the infants form with them. This attachment study is part of which research tradition? The nuclear family tradition. In a dimensional analysis of adult attachment style (as opposed to a simple set of attachment categories), the focus is on the degree to which a certain tendency is exhibited. What two continuous dimensions or tendencies seem to characterize most attachment scales? Anxiety and approach-avoidance. When the life goals of college and noncollege young adults are compared, which of the following is true? Noncollege and college youth both rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work as important goals.Hazan and Zeifman (1999) asked 6- to 17-year-olds questions about attachment needs. They found that peers met some attachment needs during childhood or early adolescence, but that peers did not fulfill other attachment needs unless they became romantic partners. Which of the following attachment needs were shifted to peers even for the youngest children in this study? Proximity maintenance. Hillary is a 19-year-old college freshman. If she is typical of most college students today, which of the following is her most important reason for attending college? To get a better job For helping professionals who assume an attachment perspective in their therapeutic approach to clients, what is expected to be the primary mechanism of change? Establishing a therapeutic bond that functions as a secure base. Counselors who use attachment based family therapy (ABFT) with troubled adolescents and their families have alliance building individual sessions with parents and with the adolescent to provide safe haven and empathy. In studies of problem discussion and conflict management between partners, individuals with which type of attachment style are most likely to report feeling hostile and angry after a discussion session? a. Anxious-ambivalent. In his approach to couples therapy, Gottman encourages couples to recognize relationship problems that are the result of differences in temperament and attitudes (e.g., different approaches to money) as chronic and inevitable, much like chronic physical ailments that come on as we get older. This approach is similar to ____________, one of the adaptive mechanisms described by life span developmental theorists. regulation of loss Which of the following assumptions distinguishes life span developmental approaches to human development from other developmental approaches? Developmental processes are not completed when a person reaches adulthood.Research on mate selection indicates that people choose mates on the basis of all of the following characteristics, except for Agency Chen and Anne come to counseling because they are on the brink of a divorce. After five years of marriage, Anne sees Chen as a highly controlling individual who micromanages their bank account. She's tired of her husband always nagging about money, and says she doesn't feel like she's getting anything positive out of her relationship. Chen considers Anne's spending extravagant. He blames her family background for creating her lack of responsibility. From Anne's perspective, what theory about marriage would explain the relationship failure? Social exchange theory Most men can expect some changes in testosterone levels and possibly in their sexual function in their 40s. Which of the following changes is most likely? Older men produce less seminal fluid during ejaculation than when they were younger. The "Big Five" personality traits are agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion and conscientiousness. Individuals who are "off-time" with regard to the social clock have not met their major life goals at a time consistent with their expectations. According to Erikson's theory, which developmental task is central to the middle adulthood stage of life? Generativity. Fluid intelligence is to ____________ as crystallized intelligence is to ____________. mechanics / pragmatics. According to Erikson and Vaillant, which of the following statements best captures the psychological state that is typical of midlife? Striving to find a way to use one's talent to give meaning to life and to the lives of other people.According to Carter and McGoldrick, one of the second-order changes in the family in the launching period is renegotiating the marital system as a dyad. Based on research, which adolescent and early adult characteristics are most strongly related to high levels of generativity in middle adulthood? Affiliation and power needs. Based upon research about marital relationships conducted by Gottman, what feature of a relationship best predicts the demise of a relationship? Negative affect reciprocity. In Gottman's (1999) research, which of the following "four horsemen of the apocalypse" behaviors is most predictive of relationship failure? Contempt Cross-cultural research findings indicate that age-related changes in personality traits are consistent across different cultural groups. Which of the following has not been proposed as a reason why people seek meaning in their lives? Establishing meaning helps people feel like they are better than other people. Spirituality and religiosity are concerned with the search for the sacred. Marquita sees the universe as a product of intelligent planning. She believes that the creation of the universe, of life, and of human beings has a purpose even if that purpose is not accessible to her. Marquita's philosophy of the universe and its underlying plan is an example of Global meaningHigh concentrations of ______________ secreted by cells of the immune system are related to maladaptive inflammation. Cytokines Kindling-behavioral sensitization describes a process of increasing sensitivity to stressful triggers. The extent to which a person experiences nervousness, fear, anger, sadness, contempt, and guilt is called Negative affectivity Evan is 52 years old. Recently, he has been reflecting on the unfathomable complexity of ultimate truth and appreciating that even if we have faith in such a truth, it is unknowable. These reflections suggest that Evan has reached which of Fowler's stages of faith development? Stage 5: conjunctive The two types of stress management presented by Lazarus and Folkman are problem-focused and emotion-focused. Researchers believe that the key characteristic that explains the therapeutic benefits of cognitive therapy is decentering oneself from one's negative thoughts. Laboratory studies have provided evidence for which of the following statements with regard to emotional reactivity? Positive affectivity is related to higher levels of left prefrontal cortical activity In Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, the fundamental psychological needs they described include Autonomy The "American paradox" refers toincreases in rates of depression despite increases in wealth. One thing that both Eastern and Western religions share is that they promote the regulation of negative or destructive emotions. Psychological stressors operate on the immune system in much the same way as Infectious agents Intentionally paying attention to one's present experience without judgment is a definition for mindfulness Lifespan and Human Development Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old and is currently enrolled in a college algebra course. He is pleasantly surprised that he is performing well in the course despite not taking a formal math class for over 30 years. Researchers would consider this an instance that illustrates how development is: multidisciplinary Dr. Drew is a scientist interested in the effects of music on cognitive development. Which of the following describes the sequence he should go through? conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data , analyze data, and draw conclusions Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that non one can be relied upon. In relationships he is suspicious toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psycho-social theory, this indicates that Edwin did not successfully resolve the ... stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience ... in his current developmental stage. trust vs mistrust; isolation Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how: for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressedDon and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility? 12 months Which of the following statements is true about adopted children? Children who are adopted early in life are more likely to have positive outcomes than those adopted later in life. Uma has just given birth. Assuming that the baby is perfectly average, and was born in the US, he is most likely to weigh ... pounds, and would be approximately ... inches long. 6.5; 18 Marlena, who just found out she is pregnant, has very poor eating habits. Her total calorie intake is very low. She eats little protein and unbalanced amounts of vitamins and minerals. If she continues her present eating habits, which of the following is most likely to occur? the baby is more likely to be malformed Mariah has given birth to a baby girl. Even one month after delivery, she is experiencing very strong feelings of sadness and anxiety. she is so morose that she is having trouble coping with daily tasks. Mariah is most likely suffering from: postpartum depression While watching a football game, Martin jumped up to cheer and dropped baby Theresa to the floor. if she later has trouble with higher order thinking, planning, problem solving, or voluntary movement it would indicate that her ... lobe was damaged. frontal Fourteen year old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures. His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occur in the brain's left hemisphere. This case study is cited in the chapter in order to demonstrate that: the brain is both flexible and resilientInfant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with their infant Recent research has indicated which of the following regarding babies and morality? preverbal babies as young as four months show signs of morality Which of the following statements about joint attention is not true? emerging forms of joint attention occur at about four to five months A study of young children living in low-income families found that ... when predicting the vocabulary development of children. the amount of maternal talk was less important than maternal literacy skills Which of the following is not true about soothing babies? research shows that fathers are more likely than mothers to use soothing techniques to reduce an infant's crying Quimby, 15 months old, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking ot the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in: social referencing According to John Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as: deserving of nurturant care Which of the following statements is not true? growing up in poverty has no influence on brain developmentWhile talking to his grandmother on the phone, five year old Danny suddenly exclaims "Oh, look at that pretty bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says 'Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of: egocentrism Over the past week, Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process. Now that Walter is better at it, she only guides him verbally. Which of the following is this an example of? scaffolding Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is not one of those principles? punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles? a little boy playing with a doll Ursula is allowed to set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely an: authoritative parent Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following except: higher levels of moral internalization Steuer, Applefield, and Smith conducted an experiment where preschool children were randomly assigned to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. What conclusions was drawn from this study? exposure to TV violence caused aggression in children in this investigationOne of the explanations for the gender difference in the identification of learning disabilities is that: boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities In recent research, psychological professionals were found to over-diagnose ADHD approximately ... percent of the time, and regardless of the symptoms boys were diagnosed twice as often as girls. 20 Megan, who is eight years old, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'll remember everything I need to know." Megan is exhibiting her: metamemory Considering how early intervention programs to improve intellectual development - such as the Abecedarian Intervention program - have shown marked improvements in the IQ of participants, it can be inferred that the main reason children from low SES families earn lower scores on IQ tests is that: the parents have difficulty providing an intellectually stimulation environment for their children Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice? they may have difficulty handling competition and criticism Albert Bandura states that ... is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve. self-efficacy Keith is trying to help his son, Judd, deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless. Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings. A strategy that Keith should not implement is to: allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy Identify a true statement about the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation. in the NCLB era, gifted students were often neglected in an effort to raise the achievement level of students who were not doing wellWhich of the following is linked to the poor performance of American children in math and science as compared to Asian children? American parents were more likely to believe that their children's math achievement was due to innate ability Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to ..., with the majority of them involving .... unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents Bill wants to know how he can prevent drug abuse by his adolescent son. You would suggest that Bill: have family dinner most nights of the week Which of the following characterizes a person suffering from anorexia nervosa? an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss According to Erik Erikson, which of the folloowing developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence? identity versus identity confusion James Marcia defines ... as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives. crisis According toe the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, which of the following groups uses media for the longest time during a day? 11 to 14 year olds A recent study of college students from low SES backgrounds and high SES backgrounds conducted by VanKim and Laska showed that college students from low SES backgrounds ... than their higher SES counterparts. ate more fast food and fewer fruits and vegetablesAccording to a recent international comparison of 33 developed countries conducted by the OECD, which of the following countries was found to have the highest percentage of obese adults? the United States About ... college men admit to forcing sexual activity. half of Latrell is very intelligent but only of average physical attractiveness. The matching hypothesis states that he will choose a partner who: is of average physical attraction According to Erik Erikson, if individuals do not develop intimacy, they face: isolation According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of: passion, commitment, and intmacy Margie Lachman and her colleagues argue that having a ... is one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of diseases in late adulthood. sense of control in middle age Lillian is 50 years old. Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels, and Lillian is complaining of nausea and fatigue. Based on these symptoms, what could be her initial diagnosis? she is going through menopause According to studies, which of the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older men? premature ejaculationWhen women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in: an aggressive behavior Which of the following is the conclusion of the study conducted by Costa and McCrae on approximately 1,000 college educated men and women aged 20 to 96? considerable stability occurs in the five personality factors A study by Shan and others found that the volume of the brain was ... in older adults than younger adults. 15 percent less Your elderly aunt Marie was recently admitted to a nursing home where there is a "residents' advisory board," consisting of the people who live in the home. They consult with the staff on changes that affect their lives and hep plan the monthly activities. Based on a research by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer, you would expect her to be: happier than she was when she did not have any input into decisions affecting her life Which of the following is true of decision making and aging? older adults' decision making skills are more likely to be unaffected by age related decreases in memory According to research by Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following statements about wisdom is true? high levels of wisdom are rare Which of the following statements about life review is not true? life reviews avoid reflecting on regrets According to the cross sectional study by Ursula Staudinger, ... showed up for the first time on the most important list for those who were 85 to 105 years old. thinking about lifeWhich of the following statements is not true regarding the death scenario in the US today? today, death occurs most often among adolescents Seven year old Matthew's mother passed away recently. He has started asking his father about his mother's whereabouts. Which of the following is the best strategy of dealing with Matthew's questions? the father should be honest about his mother's death Life-Span Which of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Complex functions such as reading or performing music involves both hemispheres. Which of the following is true about the fetal period? The fetus shows a preference for a particular position in the womb during this period. A research review indicated that when newborns have physical defects They are more likely to be born to mothers with history of substance abuse. A child's expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with his or her parents. Verbal interactions with the child Which of the following is not a feature of the prepared childbirth program? Midwife to assist in the process of childbirth A pediatrician is testing baby Rosaria. The doctor rates Rosaria in response to a rattle, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects. Rosaria's pediatrician is using a(n)/the: Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scaleThree-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car". He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars, motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has______ to fit new information into his existing scheme. Accommodated The adult density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is achieved in Late childhood Which of the following statements about infancy and REM sleep is true REM sleep might promote the brain development in infancy. Caleb is 14 months old. Which of the following activities would you expect that caleb might be able to do? Climb up steps using his hands and legs Perceptual constancy is reflected when: Sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant. Jeff has just turned two years old, and like the average two years old, he can speak about ____ words 200 Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically, referred to as her______ memory. implicit Cases like the Wild Boy of Aveyron and Genie cause us to wonder whether language is : Due more to heredity or to environmental The life support system for the embryo consists of the: Umbilical cord, placenta, and amnionWhen adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instruction, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This shows the adult's involvement in the children's. Zone of proximal development(ZPD) What is the opinion of experts on infants socioemotional development, such as jerome Kagan, on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first place. The structural immaturity of the infant's brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year. Hallie is very active. She loves to tumble and show off. She is always trying out what her parents consider to be hair-raising stunts. She also loves running races and believes she is faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of the: 5 year old 9month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely Crawl away from the mirror, because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose Suzie, 3, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner or her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, television, and studying and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishments. Suzies father is most likely a Authoritarian parents What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers? Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process Which of the following statements about the brain development and early childhood is true? By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult sizeWhich of the following occurs FIRST in development Reflexive smiling Which of the following statements about childhood obesity Children who are overweight at the age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12. Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conversation? Conservation is independent of centration. By age 7, children begin to recognize all of the following EXCEPT that People can have ambivalent feelings Blanche is 4 years old. What would Blanche most likely say if you asked her to describe who she is? "I have brown hair, and i have a bicycle' Dante is a 10 year old who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him different set of rules about the game that dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development? Autonomous morality Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles? A little boy with a doll in his hand In the United States, parents tend to prefer children with an ___ temperament, whereas in China, an ____ temperament is more highly valued. Active; inhibited Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is a reflection of: Increased myelination of the central nervous system.In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are MORE likely than children in early childhood to : Compare themselves with their peers Which of the following statements about perspective taking is NOT true? In middle and late childhood, children show a decrease in perspective-taking Which of the following statements about children and cardiovascular disease is true? High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in 75% of the children with the disease. What causes the autism spectrum disorder A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in the brain structure and neurotransmitters Jacob is a third-grader and has a disability that has caused him to be seperated from his peers during the school day. Just recently jacob has been moved to the regular third-grade classroom. Jacob has just experienced Inclusion Carol Gilligan reports the males tend to use a(n)____ perspective when making moral judgments, whereas females tend to use a(n)________ perspective Justice; care Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true? Girl's gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotype. From the following, identify an important difference between the reasoning of children and the reasoning of scientists Children tend to bias experiments in favor of whatever hypothesis they began with Which public service announcement would be most beneficial in preventing cultural-familial retardation.Provide an enriching home environment for your children. Children have the highest self-esteem when: They perform competently on a task they care about ______ is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development Postconventional reasoning How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers? They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative. A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, the child most likely is in which stage of piaget's cognitive development theory. Concrete operational stage To understand how a family tree showing relationships among relatives works, children must be able to _____. Classify or divide things into different set or subsets and to consider their interrelationship. Orthodox jews and mormons have especially low rates of alcohol use, underscoring the: Environment's role in alcoholism What is the leading chronic disorder for women during middle age. Arthritis Lillian is 50 years old. Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels, and Lillian is complaining about nausea and fatigue. According to the symptoms given in the text, what could be her initial diagnosis? She is going through menopause.In one estimate,_____ of college freshman women report having been date raped or having experienced an attempted date rape at least once. Two-thirds. When you look at the creative achievements of famous inventors, writers, and scientists, it is clear that creativity: Peaks when adults are in their 30's and steadily declines thereafter. Lewis wants to know what academic path he should follow to get into the fastest growing job market, and the highest paying. You would suggest that lewis: Get at least a college degree. The transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school, and the transition from highschool to college. Have many parallels According to 2009 data,____ of U.S. couples reported that they had cohabitated before getting married. More than 75 percent Which of the following is an outcome of the growing childbearing trend of having fewer children? Men are apt to invest a greater amount of time in fathering. Today the average life expectancy in United States is 78 years Which of the following statements about midlife is NOT true? People in midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife. Laura is in her 40's. Which of the following of her abilities will decline in the next 10 years?Numerical abilities Research relating to individual temperaments has indicated that children with difficult temperaments: Are more likely to show negative outcomes in adulthood. Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with: secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood. According to research, which of the following could be the least important characteristics women look for in men? Good looks Which of the following statements about cognitive functioning is NOT TRUE? Aging of the brain's prefrontal cortex does not affect the working memory When a retired American worker returns to work, it is usually about_____ after retirement. 4 years What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition? Levinson's stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age hold for females as well as males. Which of the following is likely to be a daily uplift for a middle-aged adult? relating well with a friend Which of the following is a significant observation by Neugarten regarding social clocks? Individuals whose lives are synched with the social clocks are lessed stressed Dr. LaRossa has spent her career studying the causes of aging. She hypothesizes that as we age, our cells become increasingly less capable of dividing. Dr. Larossa espoused the ______ theory of aging.cellular clock All of the Following have been identified as ways in which the aging brain adapts EXCEPT: the brain becomes more lateralized Theorists of personality development would agree that: personality, overall, becomes more stable as we age which of the following is a factor could undermine the influence provided by increases in longevity on the nature of grandparenting? trend in delaying child-bearing If born in the united states today, which of the following persons would have the highest life expectancy? Susan, who is a European American Female Life expectancy for older adults 65-75 yrs old would be increased the most if _______ could be eliminated. cardiovascular and kidney diseases Your 90 year old uncle complains he cant get around like he used to. He has trouble getting up out of chairs and walking across the room, can you help him? Yes. You could help him do leg strength exercises to improve balance Sanders, grandfather of 3, is active in business at 76. His capacity to deal with difficult business situations can be understood to reflect his ________ working memory older adults have a harder time recognizing a street sign then younger adults because they have: inferior semantic memoryIn his studies on wisdom, Paul Bates has found that all of the following EXCEPT: wisdom is correlated with cognitive factors such as intelligence According to 2008 data, in the united states,____ percent of men and ____ percent of women 65 years of age and older were widowed. 14,42 Which of the following, suggested by baltes and colleagues, is selection strategy for older adults? To think about what you want in life and commit yourself to one or two major goals A "good death" involves all of the following EXCEPT: Religeous or community death rites Researchers have found that ______ control strategies increase in importance, and ___ control strategies decrease in importance beginning in middle adulthood. accomidating,assimilative Which of the following statements regarding living arrangements of older adults is true. The older people become the greater their odds for living alone Which of the following could be the probable reason why older adults Many older adults prefer spending more time with a smaller circle of friends to avoid negative experiences Kastenbaum proposes that the death system serves certain function in a culture. Which of the following is NOT one of those functions? Social consolidation before death A recent study of end of life planning revealed that_____ of patients 18 years of age and older had a living will.15 percent When explaining death to younger children(around preschool age), the most important point for parents to stress is that: The child is loved and will not be abandoned Erickson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorist call: Life Review Which of the following is cited as one of the main reasons for the changing trajectories in knowledgerelated and emotion-related goals of older adults compared to younger adults. Perception of time Which of the following statements is an accurate criticism of kubler-Ross's theory of dying? She failed to validate the existence of 5 stages In what ways can denial of death be positive response? Denial can soften the emotional impact of impending death. Older adults focus on_____; the oldest-old focus on Cognitive fitness; physical fitness Which of the two personality traits in the big 5 factors of personality are associated with mortality (an earlier death) Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism Nellie, 3, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior? Reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavioressica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development. late adulthood Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development. identity versus identity confusion In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of: social age. _____ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement. Normative age-graded influences The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of: normative historical change. Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the U.S. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n) _____ study. cross-cultural On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach. life-spanDr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that development is: multidimensional. Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, _____ and _____ in her capacities will take center stage. maintenance; regulation of loss Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no". This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of: autonomy versus shame and doubt. Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _____ in understanding development. conscious thoughts Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests? They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable. Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city. Which of the following problems is she likely to encounter while using this method of data collection? Some participants may not tell the truth and instead give socially acceptable answers. Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam war on the baby boomers) are considered _____ influences. normative history-graded Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From this information, we can conclude that: there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ.By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development. normative age-graded _____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children. Early adulthood Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment, development, or phylogeny occurs. He further believes that there are critical periods that have also been selected for. He is most likely taking a(n) _____ approach. ethological Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in? Adolescence _____ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene. Genetic imprinting Timothy is a quiet 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. As a result, he does not receive much attention from his peers and mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr, this is an example of a(n) _____. evocative genotype-environment correlation Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they took her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad. When she was old enough, her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well. This is an example of a(n): passive genotype-environment correlation.Which of the following is true of mitosis? Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes. Tom is a tall man with undeveloped testes and enlarged breasts. His doctor has determined that he has an extra X chromosome leading to the diagnosis of: Klinefelter syndrome. Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means that they developed from: two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms. Vanda's genetic makeup is composed of thousands of genes in which some are expressed and directly observable, while some are not. When we talk about all of her genetic material we are talking about her _____. genotype Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption requirements would mean that: she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child. As an alternative to "_____ evolutionism" presented in evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a _____ view. one-sided; bidirectional Leila and Alexander are siblings. Every Saturday morning, Leila and her grandmother cook breakfast together and then do some errands and shopping together. During that time, Alexander and his grandfather spend some quality "male bonding" time. They like to play miniature golf or do yard work. The interactions that each child has with the grandparent would be known as what type of environmental experience? Nonshared environmental experiencesCharlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; and he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n): evocative genotype-environment correlation. Mateo is on a special diet because his parents are aware that he cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. Buildup of this amino acid in his system could result in mental retardation. Mateo has: phenylketonuria (PKU). Which of the following statements is true about evolutionary developmental psychology? Many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's makeup. Victor has an X-linked inheritance disease. Which of the following conditions is Victor most likely to have? Hemophilia Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. He has been put on medication and a special diet, but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of five. Benny is suffering from: Tay-Sachs disease. Sasha's 23rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes. This indicates that Sasha: is a female. Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sport team in school. Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club. These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating. active (niche-picking) genotype-environment Samantha has been diagnosed with _____, which is a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production. cystic fibrosisEsperanza is having a prenatal test to remove a small sample of the placenta for genetic testing. Identify the test that her doctor is performing. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Tristan has a genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. His doctor informed Tristan's mother that he has: fragile X syndrome. Which of the following statements is true about the effects of marijuana exposure on one's offspring? Research has shown that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant risk their offspring using marijuana by age 14. Tammy is pregnant with her first child. She tells you that she loves swordfish and has it for dinner two or three times a week. Based on current research, what advice should you give Tammy about her diet? Swordfish is not recommended for pregnant women because it can contain high levels of mercury. Before the delivery of her baby, Karen experiences several traumatic life changes. She separates from her husband, discovers that her mother is seriously ill, and begins a more stressful job. Will Karen's baby be significantly affected by all the stress in Karen's life? Yes, the baby will be at risk for ADHD and language delays. The most common treatment for heroin addiction, methadone, is associated with: very severe withdrawal symptoms in newborns. According to recent research, which of the following risks is linked to environmental tobacco smoke? Low birth weight Carla is three-and-a-half weeks pregnant. This indicates that her child is in which of the following stages of prenatal development? EmbryonicWhich of the following is true about the effects of cocaine use by pregnant women? Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with reduced length and head circumference. Which of the following is the Apgar Scale especially good at determining? The newborn's ability to respond to stress of delivery During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen? During the embryonic period What does a very low score on the Brazelton National Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) indicate? Neurological problems Which of the following is true of the stages of childbirth? The first stage is the longest of the three birth stages. Malorie was born during her mother's 32nd week of pregnancy. Malorie would be termed a(n) _____ baby. preterm Which of the following is FALSE about the complications of Rh incompatibility? With each subsequent pregnancy, the risk of complications for an Rh-positive baby of an Rh-negative mother is reduced. Juan-Carlos was born full term, but was underweight for his gestational age. He would be considered: small for date. What is the rationale for the practice of a waterbirth?It creates an environment similar to that inside the amniotic sac. A pediatrician is testing baby Rosaria. The doctor assesses Rosaria's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects. Rosaria's pediatrician is using the: Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is _____ weeks pregnant. 24 to 25 Petra is in the fourth month of her pregnancy. Her unborn child is now referred to as a _____. fetus Children born low in birth weight are more likely than their normal birth weight counterparts to develop all of the following, EXCEPT: muscular dystrophy. Tara has just entered the fetal period. Therefore, it has been _____ months since conception. two Which of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a hemisphere of the cerebral cortex? Complex thinking in normal people is the outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain. While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If he can no longer see, it is likely that his _____ lobe was damaged. occipital For years, debate has focused on whether breast-feeding is better for the infant than bottle-feeding. The growing consensus is that:breast-feeding is better for the baby's health. Which of the following statements is true about brain development? Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later. Perceptual constancy is reflected when: sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant. Baby Yoshi has a condition that is a risk factor for SIDS. Sometimes, she has a temporary cessation of breathing in which her airway is completely blocked—usually for 10 seconds or longer. This condition is known as _____. sleep apnea Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is called _____. lateralization The frontal lobes are _____ in the newborn. immature Which of the following statements is true about MEG (magnetoencephalography)? It is used in assessing an infant's brain activity. Similar to the epigenetic view, the _____ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development. neuroconstructivist Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early, so they take the baby's favorite toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Kyle and Amy believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will, thus, result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent with the _____ systems view of development.dynamic Jake, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed the: pincer grip. Nadine's doctor is assessing her fine motor skills. This means that her doctor is going to look at her ability to: perform finely tuned movements like using a pencil. Which of the following is involved in providing energy to neurons and aids communication? Myelination Six-month-old Carson grabs for a toy using his whole hand. He is demonstrating a: palmer grasp. Fantz believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and that perception is designed for action. He most likely holds a(n) _____ perspective. ecological Identify a disadvantage of breast feeding in the context of impoverished African countries. There is risk of passing HIV to the babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus. Pedro is 2 years of age. His parents take him to the doctor because he has swelling in his feet and abdomen, and has brittle hair. His doctor tells his parents that he has a condition known as _____, which is caused by severe protein deficiency. kwashiorkor Bo, two months old, weighs 10 pounds. His father wants to know how many calories he should be consuming every day. What would you tell him? 500 caloriesWhen Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in a _____ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast. rooting Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to _____. assimilation Sarah, an infant of seven months, loves repeatedly hitting a toy that lights up and plays music on impact with her toy hammer. Sarah is in Piaget's substage of: secondary circular reaction. Jim and Joanna are curious to know if their baby will grow up to be a child with high IQ. Which of the following measures for assessing infant development is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children and would best suit the purpose? Fagan test "Want ice cream", "Fall down", and "Mommy give cookie" are all examples of: telegraphic speech. Phonology is to _____ as morphology is to _____. sound; meaning A newborn baby widens her eyes after her mother widens her eyes and mouth and smiles at the baby. Meltzoff would say that this baby is: engaging in true imitation. When Monica was born, she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingers around anything that brushed against her palm. After a few weeks, she showed this grasping behavior even when nothingtouched her palm. Monica developed a _____ or a scheme based on a reflex that became completely separated from its eliciting stimulus. habit Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car." He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars, motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has _____ to fit new information into his existing scheme. accommodated The rules that govern _____ describe the sound sequences that can occur in a language. phonology Two-year-old Sarai uses the word "doll" to refer to her own Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her sister's Barbie doll. Sarai's error is known as: underextension. As an infant, Mary suffered damage to _____ of her brain. This injury severly affected her comprehension abilities. Even though her speech is fluent it remains incomprehensible. Wernicke's area Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory. implicit Eleven-month-old Jenny uses her toy golf club to bring another toy within reach. According to Piaget's theory of infant development, Jenny is in the _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage. coordination of secondary circular reactions Which substage of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of vision and touch— hand-eye coordination? Coordination of secondary circular reactionsIn which of the following substages of sensorimotor development does the infant's main focus remain on his or her own body? First habits and primary circular reactions Consider the sentence: "The boy the ball with a hit bat." Which of the following rule systems of language does the sentence violate? Syntax Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the: Broca's area. Trenton was playing in a sandbox. He was pouring sand from a short and wide fat container into a tall and narrow container. When he poured the sand into the tall and narrow container, it appeared as if it had more sand in it. Trenton could not figure out where the extra sand came from, and how it got into his container. As Trenton continues to try to solve this puzzle, he experiences considerable movement between states of cognitive _____ and _____ to produce cognitive change. equilibrium; disequilibrium Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention? An ability to track another's behavior Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors? Simple reflexes Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as being _____. securely attached Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely:touch his own nose to wipe off the spot. Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play. He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably: between 18 and 24 months old. Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT true? The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth. Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) _____ emotion. self-conscious Researchers have found that infant fear is linked to all of the following at 6 to 7 years of age EXCEPT: high aggression. What is the main difference between most child-care policies available in the United States and in Sweden? Level of inclusion of the father Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will most likely: crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror. Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as: an easy child. When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile. reflexiveWhich of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant? Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last? From birth to 2 months Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months. Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as being _____. securely attached Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment? Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Tara holds her 2-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in: face-to-face play. Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying? Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry. Parker is in the Strange Situation, he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being _____. insecure avoidantMakiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a playdate and teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of _____ emotions. other-conscious In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent—both wanting to be comforted by his mother, but pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as being: insecure resistant. Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that: the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting. Which of the following is an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior, according to most child psychologists? Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement. Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles? A little boy playing with a doll Why do more researchers think that birth order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly? Birth order itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all the factors that influence behavior are considered. According to evolutionary psychologists, natural selection favored females who chose: ambitious mates who could provide their children with resources and protection. Suzie, aged three, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n):authoritarian parent. Because young children are _____, they judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. heteronomous moralists Steuer, Applefield, and Smith conducted an experiment where preschool children were randomly assigned to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. What conclusion was drawn from this study? Exposure to TV violence caused aggression in children in this investigation. Bernard just brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to take the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way as he could not see the TV set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he left it on the previous day, unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n): neglectful parent. Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through: the mutual give-and-take of peer relations. Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is most likely that: Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health. In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior? Authoritative parenting According to Baumrind, a parent who is uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a(n) _____ parenting style.neglectful The social role theory suggests that: the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing. Carl and Tulip are getting a divorce and want to know how they can best communicate the news to their young children. Ellen Galinsky and Judy David would suggest that: the children be told that they are not the cause of the separation. According to a cross-cultural survey, in which of the following countries are adults most likely to remember that their parents used corporal punishment? The United States Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles? Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior. Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of: coparenting. Josh's mother makes his favorite food—burgers, fries, and pizza—every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n): indulgent parent. When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law". Juan is probably a(n): authoritarian parent.According to the advocates of state-mandated testing, which of the following results are believed to be positive outcomes of the testing? Increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested According to Sandra Bem, which of the following is correct? Androgynous individuals are more mentally healthy than their masculine or feminine counterparts. Which of the following would NOT be considered an arbitrary rule? Stealing money from a person Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne—who has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a _____ stepfamily. complex Dan Olweus' bullying intervention program focuses on: decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying. Which of the following is NOT true about developmental changes in parent-child relationships? Elementary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers. Keith is trying to help his son, Judd, deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless. Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings. A strategy that Keith should NOT implement is to: allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy. Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's _____. self-esteem Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. According to Kohlberg, Megan is currently in which of the following levels of moral development?Preconventional reasoning An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile, and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of _____ in behavior development. social cognition Life-Span Psych Dev Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development. biological The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year old surgeon, and the 70-year-old student, all serve to illustrate that: old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives. _____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children. Early adulthood On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach. life-span Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true? They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging. Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development. late adulthoodSharon is a 30-year-old stay-at-home mother to a toddler. Life-span developmentalists would consider her to be: in the second age of prime adulthood in the developmental period of early adulthood Hidalgo, 8, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development? Concrete operational Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests? They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable. Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using? Cross-sectional Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in? Adolescence Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n) _____. Hypothesis The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of: normative historical changePiaget's four stages of cognitive development: start at birth and continue through adulthood By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development. normative age-graded Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development. identity versus identity confusion Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage of development. formal operational Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age. biological The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for: helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives Amir is 18 months old. According to Piaget's theory, he is in which of the following stages of cognitive development? Sensorimotor Esperanza is having a prenatal test to remove a small sample of the placenta for genetic testing. Identify the test that her doctor is performing. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)Vanda's genetic makeup is composed of thousands of genes in which some are expressed and directly observable, while some are not. When we talk about all of her genetic material we are talking about her _____. genotype Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means that they developed from: two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms Melody and Harmony are identical twins. This means that they developed from: a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm Patrick suffers from _____, a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding hemophilia According to life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age. Natural selection has not weeded out many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics that appear among older adults. Why? Natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to reproductive fitness Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; and he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n): evocative genotype-environment correlation Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sport team in school. Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club. These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating active (niche-picking) genotype-environment Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption requirements would mean that: she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a childAs an alternative to "_____ evolutionism" presented in evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a _____ view. one-sided; bidirectional _____ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene. genetic imprinting Gwendolyn is having a prenatal test where her doctor uses high-frequency sound waves directed into her abdomen to check her fetus. She is most likely having a(n) _____ ultrasound sonography Early interest in the XYY syndrome focused on the belief that the extra Y chromosome found in some males contributed to _____. However, subsequent research has proved this to be _____. aggression and violence; false Timothy is a quiet 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. As a result, he does not receive much attention from his peers and mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr, this is an example of a(n) _____. evocative genotype-environment correlation The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods—a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how: evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society Mary's mother has blonde hair and her father has brown hair. Mary has a gene for brown hair and a gene for blonde hair. She has brown hair. This indicates that the gene for brown hair is a(n) _____. dominant geneRachel loves to read books, and she also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) _____ correlation. passive genotype-environment A cell which contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes. mitosis Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome making her XO instead of XX. Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with _____. Turner syndrome Leila and Alexander are siblings. Every Saturday morning, Leila and her grandmother cook breakfast together and then do some errands and shopping together. During that time, Alexander and his grandfather spend some quality "male bonding" time. They like to play miniature golf or do yard work. The interactions that each child has with the grandparent would be known as what type of environmental experience? Nonshared environmental experiences Which of the following is a feature of the embryonic period of prenatal development? Formation of support systems for cells Sidra has a baby that was born at 27 weeks. Her baby is considered a(n): extremely preterm infant Which of the following is FALSE about the complications of Rh incompatibility? With each subsequent pregnancy, the risk of complications for an Rh-positive baby of an Rh-negative mother is reduced Which of the following is true about the effects of cocaine use by pregnant women?Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with reduced length and head circumference Malorie was born during her mother's 32nd week of pregnancy. Malorie would be termed a(n) _____ baby. preterm What does a very low score on the Brazelton National Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) indicate? Neurological problems Which of the following statements is true about the effects of marijuana exposure on one's offspring? Research has shown that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant risk their offspring using marijuana by age 14. Juan-Carlos was born full term, but was underweight for his gestational age. He would be considered: small for date Which of the following is true of the stages of childbirth? The first stage is the longest of the three birth stages. Which of the following is a small molecule that would be able to pass through the placental wall? Carbon dioxide Which of the following statements is FALSE about the effect of substance abuse by pregnant mothers? Prenatal marijuana exposure is related to higher intelligence in children What is the rationale for the practice of a waterbirth? It creates an environment similar to that inside the amniotic sac Which of the following statements is TRUE about the third stage of the birth process?The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled Sylvia is almost nine months pregnant, and is very close to her delivery date. The doctors have found that she has an active case of genital herpes. Which of the following is the best course of action to prevent Sylvia's baby from contracting the disease? Perform a cesarean section Which of the following is recommended for pregnant women by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration? Pregnant women should consume no caffeine or consume it only sparingly What does the result of a recent Norwegian study about preterm infants indicate? The earlier preterm infants are born, the more likely they will drop out of school Which of the following maternal diseases carries the risk of delivering very large infants, weighing 10 pounds or more? Gestational diabetes Julianne lost her baby early in her pregnancy. Which of the following paternal factors could have possibly led to this outcome? Her partner was a heavy smoker, even during her pregnancy Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that will attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her RhoGAM Which of the following statements is TRUE about the different conditions that pose threats for newborns? Small for date infants have below normal weight when the length of the pregnancy is considered The frontal lobes are _____ in the newborn. immaturePerceptual constancy is reflected when sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in a _____ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast. rooting Winnie is considering the use of anesthesia during the circumcision of her newborn son. She wants to know if newborns can feel pain. What would you tell her? Yes; recent research indicates that infants can feel pain Sheena would like to hang a picture above her baby's crib. Which of the following is likely to attract the most attention from the infant? A drawing of a normal face Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE? REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy Which of the following statements is TRUE about perception in infants? Newborns cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can Nadine's doctor is assessing her fine motor skills. This means that her doctor is going to look at her ability to: perform finely tuned movements like using a pencil Jerome weighed 4.5 pounds when he was born. Compared to other newborns in North America, his weight is: less than the averageMost neuroscientists agree that complex functions such as reading or performing music involve: Both hemispheres of the brain Baby Jane, three days old, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. According to Fantz' research, which drawing would she probably prefer to look at? The face Which of the following statements is true about brain development? Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later. Which of the following statements is true about MEG (magnetoencephalography)? It is used in assessing an infant's brain activity Baby Yoshi has a condition that is a risk factor for SIDS. Sometimes, she has a temporary cessation of breathing in which her airway is completely blocked—usually for 10 seconds or longer. This condition is known as _____. sleep apnea While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If he can no longer see, it is likely that his _____ lobe was damaged. occipital Which of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a hemisphere of the cerebral cortex? Complex thinking in normal people is the outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain. Which of the following statements about perceptual-motor coupling in infants is TRUE? Infants coordinate their movements with perceptual information involving people.Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is called _____. lateralization Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with a _____ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs. Moro Identify a disadvantage of breast feeding in the context of impoverished African countries. There is risk of passing HIV to the babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus. Which of the following statements about joint attention is NOT true? Emerging forms of joint attention occur at about 4 to 5 months Two-year-old Sarai uses the word "doll" to refer to her own Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her sister's Barbie doll. Sarai's error is known as: underextension "Want ice cream", "Fall down", and "Mommy give cookie" are all examples of: telegraphic speech Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to _____. assimilation Eleven-month-old Jenny uses her toy golf club to bring another toy within reach. According to Piaget's theory of infant development, Jenny is in the _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage. coordination of secondary circular reactions _____ have many jobs in grammar, such as marking tense and number.Morphemes A developmental psychologist studying infants' understanding of object permanence uses a method where infants see an event happen as it would normally occur. Then, the event is changed, often in a way that creates a physically impossible event. The result of this is that the infants look longer at the changed event indicating that he or she is surprised by it. Which method is being adopted here? Violation of expectations When Monica was born, she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingers around anything that brushed against her palm. After a few weeks, she showed this grasping behavior even when nothing touched her palm. Monica developed a _____ or a scheme based on a reflex that became completely separated from its eliciting stimulus. habit The word "toy" is an example of a _____. morpheme Josh is three months old. In which of Jean Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development is Josh? First habits and primary circular reactions Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a tantrum for a toy. Mandy screams and cries for some candy the following week at the mall. Mandy is displaying: deferred imitation According to Jean Piaget's theory of infant development, what makes one stage more advanced than another? When a child understands the world differently In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach that states that infants are born with domainspecific innate knowledge systems. core knowledgeWhich of the following statements about first words is NOT correct? Infants recognize their name by the age of 3 months Baby Luis interacts with his grandma and makes gurgling sounds in the back of his throat to express pleasure. This demonstrates _____. cooing When Abraham describes to his friend what he did in his last summer vacation, he relies on his _____ memory. explicit Jim and Joanna are curious to know if their baby will grow up to be a child with high IQ. Which of the following measures for assessing infant development is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children and would best suit the purpose? Fagan test Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first, but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is displaying _____. habituation How many morphemes does the word "marker" have? 2 According to Piaget, solving a puzzle is an example of a: mental scheme Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding? A game of peek-a-booWhich of the following statements about emotions is FALSE? Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months. Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as being _____. securely attached Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will most likely: crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of: scaffolding Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT true? The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her 8-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is most likely to develop a(n) _____ toward her. insecure disorganized attachment The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers: interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiverJeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is TRUE? Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason. Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of: sense of self In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being: Securely attached According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2? From 2 to 7 months Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being _____. insecure resistant Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling: social smiling When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is: insecure resistant An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: low thyroxine levelRecent studies find that a disorganized attachment style developed in infancy only when infants had the short version of the serotonin transporter gene—5-HTTLPR. This gene-environment interaction only occurred when: mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is: experiencing pain In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior? Authoritative parenting Why do more researchers think that birth order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly? Birth order itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all the factors that influence behavior are considered. Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others. self-conscious Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn? There is considerable variation in sibling relationships Michael, aged four, loves playing with toy cars and airplanes, and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends. Melanie, also aged four, loves playing with her dolls and doll house, and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends. Both are exhibiting: sex-typed behavior Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table", a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, aged nine and eleven, with her and talks to them aboutthe need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children: are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an: emotion-dismissing parent Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n): authoritative parent Steuer, Applefield, and Smith conducted an experiment where preschool children were randomly assigned to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. What conclusion was drawn from this study? Exposure to TV violence caused aggression in children in this investigation Four-year-old Becky has just hit her sister, again. According to most developmental psychologists, Becky's mother should: explain to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble". Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani? Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality Damian's parents fail to provide his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school. This constitutes: child neglectWhich of the following statements about practice play is true? Practice play can be engaged in throughout life Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son. In which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer most likely to engage? She ignores her child when he cries Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: higher levels of moral internalization Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked body and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes: sexual abuse Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play? Children use play as a way to explore new things and as a way to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world. Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of: coparenting Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through: the mutual give-and-take of peer relations Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development? Autonomous moralityWhich of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy? They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy. Which of the following is the BEST predictor of whether rejected children would engage in delinquent behavior, or drop out of school later during adolescence? Aggression toward peers in elementary school Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that: females engage in more prosocial behavior With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principals rather than relationships and others. Therefore, she has a(n) _____ orientation. justice Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's _____. self-esteem More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong. Yet, 50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught. Which of the following statements would serve as a criticism for Kohlberg's theory? For many people, moral thought does not predict moral behavior According to a recent study, which of the following is NOT true regarding observations on bullying? Girls and younger high school students were most likely to be affected by bullying Fernando doesn't cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following BEST describes Fernando's reasoning? Social conventional reasoningMany of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice? They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy? Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis. Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true? Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes Chapter 1 Life Span Quiz Complete the following analogy: geneotype is to phenotype as code is to expression Recessing, defective gene alleles can cause hereditary disorders. It is estimated that most people carry ________________ recessive, defective alleles in their geneotypes. three to five One epigenetic change that can affect the expression of a gene is methylation, which is the addition of an organic molecule to DNA Fetal brains are built by neurons that migrate from the bottom of the brain up to the higher areas. Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic stress on the body? The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised.In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers, alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or principles does this example demonstrate? Epigenesis. Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the developing fetus? The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure. The process of myelination is not completed until well into adulthood. Of the following, which is the most accurate example of coaction? Genes that are related to a specific disorder may be expressed phenotypically only in a certain kind of environment. Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include widely spaced eyes and flattened nose [Show More]

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