Principles of Human Anatomy, 15th Edition by Tortora Test Bank

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Test Bank for Principles of Human Anatomy, 15th Edition, 15e by Gerard J. Tortora,Mark Nielsen TEST BANK ISBN-13: 9781119662860 FULL CHAPTERS INCLUDED 1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1 1... .1 Anatomy Defined 2 1.2 Levels of Body Organization and Body Systems 3 1.3 Life Processes 8 1.4 Basic Anatomical Terminology 9 Anatomical Position 9 Regional Names 9 Planes and Sections 9 1.5 Body Cavities 14 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes 15 1.6 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 18 1.7 The Human Body and Disease 20 1.8 Aging 20 1.9 Medical Imaging 21 1.10 Measuring the Human Body 24 Chapter Review 25 / Critical Thinking Questions 26 / Answers to Figure Questions 26 2 Cells 27 2.1 A Generalized Cell 28 2.2 The Plasma Membrane 29 Structure of the Membrane 29 Functions of Membrane Proteins 30 Membrane Permeability 30 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 30 Kinetic Energy Transport 31 / Transport by Transporter Proteins 31 / Transport in Vesicles 32 2.3 Cytoplasm 35 Cytosol 35 Organelles 35 Centrosome 36 / Cilia and Flagella 36 / Ribosomes 37 / Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 37 / Golgi Complex 39 / Lysosomes 41 / Peroxisomes 42 / Proteasomes 43 / Mitochondria 43 2.4 Nucleus 44 2.5 Cell Division 47 Somatic Cell Division 48 Interphase 48 / Mitotic Phase 48 Control of Cell Destiny 50 Reproductive Cell Division 51 Meiosis 51 2.6 Cellular Diversity 54 2.7 Aging and Cells 56 Key Medical Terms Associated with Cells 57 / Chapter Review 58 / Critical Thinking Questions 60 / Answers to Figure Questions 60 3 Tissues 61 3.1 Types of Tissues 62 3.2 Cell Junctions 63 Tight Junctions 63 Adhering Junctions 64 Desmosomes 64 Hemidesmosomes 64 Gap Junctions 64 3.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues 64 3.4 Epithelial Tissue 65 Classification of Surface Epithelium 66 Surface Epithelium 67 Glandular Epithelium 74 Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands 75 / Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands 76 3.5 Connective Tissue 77 General Features of Connective Tissue 77 Connective Tissue Cells 78 Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 78 Ground Substance 78 / Fibers 79 Classification of Connective Tissue 80 Embryonic Connective Tissue 80 Mature Connective Tissue 82 Connective Tissue Proper 82 / Supporting Connective Tissue 82 / Liquid Connective Tissue 89 3.6 Membranes 90 Epithelial Membranes 90 Mucous Membranes 90 / Serous Membranes 90 / Cutaneous Membrane 90 Synovial Membranes 90 3.7 Muscular Tissue 92 3.8 Nervous Tissue 92 3.9 Aging and Tissues 94 Key Medical Terms Associated with Tissues 95 / Chapter Review 95 / Critical Thinking Questions 97 / Answers to Figure Questions 97 4 Development 98 4.1 Principles of Development 99 4.2 Embryonic Period 100 First Week of Development 100 Fertilization 100 / Cleavage of the Zygote 101 / Blastocyst Formation 101 / Implantation 102 Second Week of Development 104 Development of the Trophoblast 104 / Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc 105 / Development of the Amnion 106 / Development of the Umbilical Vesicle 106 / Development of Sinusoids 107 / Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom 107 / Development of the Chorion 107 Third Week of Development 107 Gastrulation 107 / Neurulation 110 / Development of Somites 110 / Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom 110 / Development of the Cardiovascular System 110 / Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta 112 Fourth Week of Development 114 Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development 116 4.3 Fetal Period 117 4.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 120 4.5 Labor 120 Key Medical Terms Associated with Development 122 / Chapter Review 123 / Critical Thinking Questions 124 / Answers to Figure Questions 124 5 The Integumentary System 125 5.1 Structure of the Skin 126 Epidermis 126 Stratum Basale 126 / Stratum Spinosum 129 / Stratum Granulosum 130 / Stratum Lucidum 130 / Stratum Corneum 130 / Cornification and Growth of the Epidermis 130 Dermis 131 Blood Supply of the Integumentary System 132 The Structural Basis of Skin Color 133 / Tattooing and Body Piercing 134 Subcutaneous Tissue 134 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 134 Hair 135 Anatomy of a Hair 136 / Hair Growth 138 / Types of Hairs 138 / Hair Color 138 Skin Glands 139 Sebaceous Glands 139 / Sudoriferous Glands 140 / Ceruminous Glands 141 Nails 141 5.3 Types of Skin 143 5.4 Functions of the Skin 143 5.5 Development of the Integumentary System 146 5.6 Aging and the Integumentary System 146 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Integumentary System 148 / Chapter Review 149 / Critical Thinking Questions 150 / Answers to Figure Questions 151 6 Bone Tissue 152 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 153 6.2 Types of Bones 153 6.3 Anatomy of a Bone 154 6.4 Bone Surface Markings 156 6.5 Histology of Bone Tissue 156 Compact Bone Tissue 158 Spongy Bone Tissue 160 6.6 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 162 6.7 Bone Formation 163 Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus 163 Intramembranous Ossification 163 Endochondral Ossification 163 Bone Growth During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence 166 Growth in Length 166 / Growth in Thickness 167 Remodeling of Bone 167 6.8 Fractures 170 6.9 Exercise and Bone Tissue 173 6.10 Aging and Bone Tissue 173 6.11 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 173 Key Medical Terms Associated with Bone Tissue 175 / Chapter Review 175 / Critical Thinking Questions 176 / Answers to Figure Questions 177 7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 178 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 179 7.2 Skull or Cranium 181 General Features and Functions 181 Nasal Septum 200 Orbits 200 Foramina and Canals 202 Unique Features of the Skull 203 Sutures 203 / Paranasal Sinuses 203 / Fontanels 204 Cranial Fossae 206 Age- related Changes in the Skull 206 Sexual Differences in the Skull 207 7.3 Hyoid Bone 209 7.4 Vertebral Column 209 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 210 Intervertebral Discs 212 Parts of a Typical Vertebra 212 Vertebral Body 212 / Vertebral Arch 212 / Processes 214 Regions of the Vertebral Column 214 Age- related Changes in the Vertebral Column 214 7.5 Thorax 223 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Axial Skeleton 227 / Chapter Review 228 / Critical Thinking Questions 229 / Answers to Figure Questions 229 8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 230 8.1 Skeleton of the Upper Limb 231 8.2 Skeleton of the Lower Limb 244 8.3 Greater and Lesser Pelves 250 8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 252 8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 252 8.6 Development of the Skeletal System 262 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Appendicular Skeleton 265 / Chapter Review 265 / Critical Thinking Questions 266 / Answers to Figure Questions 266 9 Joints 267 9.1 Joint Classifications 268 Ligaments 268 9.2 Fibrous Joints 268 Fibrous Joints 269 Sutures 269 Syndesmoses 270 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 270 Synchondroses 270 Symphyses 270 9.4 Synovial Joints 271 Structure of Synovial Joints 271 Articular Capsule 271 / Synovial Fluid 272 / Accessory Ligaments, Articular Discs, and Labra 272 / Nerve and Blood Supply 274 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 274 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 274 Gliding 275 Angular Movements 275 Flexion, Extension, and Lateral Flexion 275 / Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 275 Rotation 276 Special Movements 278 9.6 Types of Synovial Joints 280 Plane Joints 280 Hinge Joints 280 Pivot Joints 280 Ellipsoid Joints 282 Saddle Joints 282 Ball-and-Socket Joints 282 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 283 9.8 Selected Joints of the Body 284 9.9 Aging and Joints 302 Key Medical Terms Associated with Joints 303 / Chapter Review 304 / Critical Thinking Questions 305 / Answers to Figure Questions 305 10 Muscular Tissue 306 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 307 Types of Muscular Tissue 307 Functions of Muscular Tissue 307 Properties of Muscular Tissue 307 10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure 308 Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle 308 Connective Tissue Coverings 310 Nerve and Blood Supply 310 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 310 Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm 311 / Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 311 / Filaments and the Sarcomere 311 Muscle Proteins 313 10.3 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Function 317 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 317 Sliding Filament Mechanism 317 / The Neuromuscular Synapse (Junction) 317 / The Contraction Cycle 320 / Excitation–Contraction Coupling 322 Muscle Tone 322 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions 325 10.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 325 Slow Oxidative Fibers 325 Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers 325 Fast Glycolytic Fibers 326 10.5 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 327 Effective Stretching 327 Strength Training 328 10.6 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 328 10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue 330 10.8 Development of Muscles 332 10.9 Aging and Muscular Tissue 334 Key Medical Terms Associated with Muscular Tissue 334 / Chapter Review 334 / Critical Thinking Questions 336 / Answers to Figure Questions 336 11 The Muscular System 337 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 338 Muscle Attachment Sites 338 Lever Systems 338 Effects of Muscle Fascicle Arrangement 340 Muscle Actions 340 Coordination Among Muscles 341 Structure and Function of Muscle Groups 342 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 343 11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles 343 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Muscular System 439 / Chapter Review 440 / Critical Thinking Questions 441 / Answers to Figure Questions 441 12 The Cardiovascular System: Blood 443 12.1 Functions of Blood 444 12.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 444 12.3 Components of Blood 445 Blood Plasma 446 Formed Elements 446 12.4 Formation of Blood Cells 448 12.5 Red Blood Cells 450 RBC Anatomy 450 RBC Functions 450 RBC Life Cycle 452 Erythropoiesis: Production of RBCs 453 Blood Group Systems 453 12.6 White Blood Cells 454 WBC Anatomy and Types 454 Granular Leukocytes 454 / Agranular Leukocytes 455 WBC Functions 455 12.7 Platelets 457 12.8 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood 460 Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood 460 / Chapter Review 461 / Critical Thinking Questions 462 / Answers to Figure Questions 462 13 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 463 13.1 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 464 13.2 Structure and Function of the Heart 466 Pericardium 466 Layers of the Heart Wall 468 Chambers of the Heart 469 Right Atrium 469 / Right Ventricle 471 / Left Atrium 471 / Left Ventricle 473 Myocardial Thickness and Function 473 Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart 473 Heart Valves 473 Atrioventricular Valves 474 / Semilunar Valves 476 13.3 Circulation of Blood 477 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 477 Coronary Circulation 477 Coronary Arteries 477 / Coronary Veins 478 13.4 Cardiac Conduction System and Innervation 480 Cardiac Conduction System 481 Cardiac Nerves 483 13.5 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 483 13.6 Heart Sounds 484 13.7 Exercise and the Heart 485 13.8 Development of the Heart 489 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Heart 491 / Chapter Review 492 / Critical Thinking Questions 493 / Answers to Figure Questions 493 14 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels 494 14.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 495 Basic Structure of a Blood Vessel 495 Tunica Intima 495 / Tunica Media 497 / Tunica Externa 497 Arteries 497 Elastic Arteries 497 / Muscular Arteries 497 Anastomoses 498 Arterioles 498 Capillaries 499 Venules 500 Veins 500 Blood Distribution 503 14.2 Circulatory Routes—Systemic Circulation 504 14.3 Circulatory Routes—Hepatic Portal Circulation 548 14.4 Circulatory Routes—Pulmonary Circulation 549 14.5 Circulatory Routes—Fetal Circulation 550 14.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 554 14.7 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 554 Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood vessels 556 / Chapter Review 557 / Critical Thinking Questions 558 / Answers to Figure Questions 558 15 The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity 559 15.1 The Concept of Immunity 560 15.2 Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System Structure and Functions 560 Structure 560 Functions 560 15.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 563 Lymphatic Capillaries 563 Lymphatic Trunks and Ducts 564 Formation and Flow of Lymph Plasma 565 15.4 Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 566 Thymus 567 Lymph Nodes 568 Spleen 570 Lymphoid Nodules 571 15.5 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 573 15.6 Development of Lymphoid Tissues 584 15.7 Aging and the Lymphoid System 584 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Lymphoid System and Immunity 586 / Chapter Review 587 / Critical Thinking Questions 588 / Answers to Figure Questions 588 16 Nervous Tissue 589 16.1 Overview of the Nervous System 590 Structures of the Nervous System 590 Organization of the Nervous System 590 Anatomical Organization 590 / Functional Organization 591 16.2 Histology and Functions of Neurons 592 Neurons 592 Parts of a Neuron 593 / Cell Body 593 / Nerve Fibers 594 Synapses 595 Neuromuscular Synapse (Junction) 595 / Synapses Between Neurons 595 / Neurotransmitters 596 / Structural Diversity in Neurons 597 16.3 Histology and Function of Neuroglia 598 Neuroglia of the CNS 598 Neuroglia of the PNS 600 Myelination 600 Gray and White Matter 602 16.4 Neural Circuits 603 16.5 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 604 Key Medical Terms Associated with Nervous Tissue 605 / Chapter Review 605 / Critical Thinking Questions 606 / Answers to Figure Questions 607 17 The Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves 608 17.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 609 Protective Structures 609 Vertebral Column 609 / Meninges 609 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 611 Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 613 17.2 Spinal Nerves 615 Structure of a Single Nerve 617 Organization of Spinal Nerves 618 Branches of Spinal Nerves 620 Intercostal Nerves 620 / Plexuses 620 Dermatomes versus Cutaneous Fields 620 17.3 Spinal Cord Functions 633 Sensory and Motor Tracts 633 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 634 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves 636 / Chapter Review 637 / Critical Thinking Questions 637 / Answers to Figure Questions 638 18 The Brain and the Cranial Nerves 639 18.1 Development and General Structure of the Brain 640 Brain Development 640 Major Parts of the Brain 641 18.2 Protection and Blood Supply 641 Protective Coverings of the Brain 643 Cerebrospinal Fluid 644 Formation of CSF in the Ventricles 644 / Functions of CSF 648 / Circulation of CSF 648 Brain Blood Flow and the Blood–Brain Barrier 648 18.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation 649 Medulla Oblongata 650 Pons 652 Midbrain 652 Reticular Formation 655 18.4 The Cerebellum 655 18.5 The Diencephalon 657 Thalamus 657 Hypothalamus 659 Epithalamus 660 Circumventricular Organs 660 18.6 The Cerebrum 661 Structure of the Cerebrum 661 Cerebral White Matter 662 Corpus Striatum 663 The Limbic System 665 18.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 667 Sensory Areas 668 Motor Areas 668 Association Areas 669 Hemispheric Lateralization 670 Memory 672 Brain Waves 672 18.8 Aging and the Nervous System 673 18.9 Cranial Nerves 673 Brain and the Cranial Nerves 690 / Chapter Review 691 / Critical Thinking Questions 693 / Answers to Figure Questions 693 19 The Autonomic Division of the Peripheral Nervous System 694 19.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Division of the Peripheral Nervous Systems 695 Somatic Division of Peripheral Nervous System 695 Autonomic Division of Peripheral Nervous System 695 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons 695 19.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathway 697 Understanding Autonomic Motor Pathways 697 Migration of the Neural Crest Tissue 698 Shared Anatomical Components of an Autonomic Motor Pathway 699 Motor Neurons and Autonomic Ganglia 699 /Autonomic Plexuses 699 19.3 Structure of the Sympathetic Part 701 Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons 701 Sympathetic Ganglia and Postganglionic Neurons 705 Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia 705 / Prevertebral Ganglia 705 19.4 Structure of the Parasympathetic Part 706 Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons 706 Parasympathetic Ganglia and Postganglionic Neurons 708 19.5 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 709 Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors 709 Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors 709 19.6 Functions of the ANS 711 Sympathetic Responses 711 Parasympathetic Responses 711 19.7 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 714 Autonomic Reflexes 714 Autonomic Control by Higher Centers 714 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Autonomic Nervous Division 715 / Chapter Review 716 / Critical Thinking Questions 717 / Answers to Figure Questions 717 20 Somatic Senses and Motor Control 718 20.1 Overview of Sensations 719 Definition of Sensations 719 Characteristics of Sensations 719 Classification of Sensations 719 Types of Sensory Receptors 719 20.2 Somatic Sensations 721 Tactile Sensations 721 Touch 722 / Pressure 722 / Vibration 722 / Itch and Tickle 722 / Thermal Sensations 722 Pain Sensations 722 Types of Pain 723 / Localization of Pain 723 Proprioceptive Sensations 724 Muscle Spindles 724 / Tendon Organs 726 / Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 726 20.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways 727 Posterior Column–Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cerebral Cortex 727 Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex 728 Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 729 Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 730 20.4 Somatic Motor Pathways 731 Origin of Motor Pathways 732 Direct Motor Pathways 732 Indirect Motor Pathways 734 Roles of the Corpus Striatum in Movement 735 Roles of the Cerebellum in Movement 735 Role of the Brainstem in Movement 735 Vestibular Nuclei in the Medulla and Pons 735 / Reticular Formation in the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain 735 / Superior Colliculus in the Midbrain 736 20.5 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 737 Key Medical Terms Associated with Somatic Senses and Motor Control 737 / Chapter Review 738 / Critical Thinking Questions 739 / Answers to Figure Questions 739 21 Special Senses 740 21.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 741 Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 741 The Olfactory Pathway 743 21.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste 743 Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors 744 The Gustatory Pathway 744 21.3 Vision 746 Accessory Structures of the Eye 746 Eyelids 746 / Eyelashes and Eyebrows 748 / The Lacrimal Apparatus 748 / Extraocular Muscles 748 Anatomy of the Eyeball 748 Fibrous Layer 748 / Vascular Layer 749 / Inner Layer (Retina) 750 / Lens 751 / Interior of the Eyeball 753 The Visual Pathway 755 Processing of Visual Input in the Retina 755 / Pathway in the Brain 756 21.4 Hearing and Equilibrium 757 Anatomy of the Ear 757 External Ear 757 / Middle Ear 759 / Internal Ear 760 Mechanism of Hearing 765 The Auditory Pathway 766 Mechanism of Equilibrium 767 Otolithic Organs: Utricle and Saccule 767 / Semicircular Ducts 769 Equilibrium Pathways 769 21.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears 773 Development of the Eyes 773 Development of the Ears 774 21.6 Aging and the Special Senses 775 Key Medical Terms Associated with Special Senses 776 / Chapter Review 776 / Critical Thinking Questions 777 / Answers to Figure Questions 778 22 The Endocrine System 779 22.1 Endocrine Glands Defined 780 22.2 Hormones 780 22.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 782 Anterior Pituitary 782 Posterior Pituitary 786 22.4 Pineal Gland and Thymus 788 22.5 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands 788 22.6 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands 792 Suprarenal Cortex 792 Suprarenal Medulla 794 22.7 Pancreas 795 22.8 Ovaries and Testes 798 22.9 Other Endocrine Tissues 799 22.10 Development of the Endocrine System 800 22.11 Aging and the Endocrine System 801 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Endocrine System 802 / Chapter Review 802 / Critical Thinking Questions 804 / Answers to Figure Questions 804 23 The Respiratory System 805 23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy 806 23.2 Upper Respiratory System Anatomy 806 Nose 806 Pharynx 810 23.3 Lower Respiratory System Anatomy 811 Larynx 811 The Structures of Voice Production 813 Trachea 815 Bronchi 817 Lungs 822 Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules 823 / Alveolar Saccules and Pulmonary Alveoli 826 / Blood Supply to the Lungs 829 Patency of the Respiratory System 831 23.4 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 831 Inhalation 831 Exhalation 833 23.5 Regulation of Breathing 834 Role of the Respiratory Center 835 Medullary Respiratory Center 835 / Pontine Respiratory Group 835 Regulation of the Respiratory Center 836 Cortical Influences on Breathing 836 / Chemoreceptor Regulation of Breathing 836 / Role of Lung Inflation in Stimulation of Breathing 837 23.6 Exercise and the Respiratory System 837 23.7 Development of the Respiratory System 838 23.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 839 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Respiratory System 840 / Chapter Review 840 / Critical Thinking Questions 841 / Answers to Figure Questions 841 24 The Digestive System 843 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System 844 24.2 Layers of the Digestive Canal 845 Mucosa 845 Submucosa 846 Muscular Layer 847 Serosa 847 24.3 Peritoneum 847 24.4 Mouth 850 Salivary Glands 851 Tongue 853 Teeth 853 24.5 Pharynx 857 24.6 Esophagus 857 Histology of the Esophagus 857 Functions of the Esophagus 857 24.7 Stomach 860 Anatomy of the Stomach 860 Histology of the Stomach 862 Functions of the Stomach 862 24.8 Pancreas 865 Anatomy of the Pancreas 865 Histology of the Pancreas 867 Functions of the Pancreas 867 24.9 Liver and Gallbladder 867 Anatomy of the Liver and Gallbladder 867 Histology of the Liver and Gallbladder 869 Blood and Nerve Supply of the Liver and Gallbladder 871 Functions of the Liver and Gallbladder 872 24.10 Small Intestine 873 Anatomy of the Small Intestine 873 Histology of the Small Intestine 874 Functions of the Small Intestine 880 24.11 Large Intestine 883 Anatomy of the Large Intestine 883 Histology of the Large Intestine 883 Functions of the Large Intestine 886 24.12 Development of the Digestive System 888 24.13 Aging and the Digestive System 889 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Digestive System 890 / Chapter Review 891 / Critical Thinking Questions 892 / Answers to Figure Questions 893 25 The Urinary System 894 25.1 Overview of the Urinary System 895 25.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys 896 External Anatomy of the Kidneys 896 Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 898 Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys 898 25.3 The Nephron 901 Parts of a Nephron 901 Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct 904 Glomerular Capsule 904 / Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct 905 25.4 Functions of Nephrons 907 Glomerular Filtration 908 Tubular Reabsorption 909 Tubular Secretion 911 25.5 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 911 Ureters 911 Urinary Bladder 913 Urethra 915 25.6 Development of the Urinary System 918 25.7 Aging and the Urinary System 919 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Urinary System 919 / Chapter Review 920 / Critical Thinking Questions 921 / Answers to Figure Questions 921 26 The Genital (Reproductive) Systems 922 26.1 Male Genital (Reproductive) System 923 Scrotum 924 Testes 924 Sperm 929 Genital System Ducts in Males 930 Ducts of the Testis 930 / Epididymis 930 / Ductus Deferens 931 / Ejaculatory Ducts 932 / Urethra 932 Spermatic Cord 932 Accessory Genital Glands in Males 932 Seminal Glands 932 / Prostate 932 / Bulbourethral Glands 933 Semen 934 Penis 934 26.2 Female Genital (Reproductive) System 937 Ovaries 938 Histology of the Ovaries 938 / Oogenesis and Follicular Development 940 Uterine Tubes 943 Uterus 944 Vagina 950 Vulva 951 Perineum 953 Mammary Glands 953 26.3 Female Reproductive Cycle 957 Menstrual Phase 957 Events in the Ovaries 957 / Events in the Uterus 957 Preovulatory Phase 957 Events in the Ovaries 957 / Events in the Uterus 958 Ovulation 958 Postovulatory Phase 959 Events in the Ovaries 959 / Events in the Uterus 959 26.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 960 Birth Control Methods 960 Surgical Sterilization 960 / Non-incisional Sterilization 960 / Hormonal Methods 960 / Intrauterine Devices 961 / Spermicides 962 / Barrier Methods 962 / Periodic Abstinence 962 Abortion 962 26.5 Development of the Genital Systems 965 26.6 Aging and the Genital Systems 965 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Genital Systems 968 / Chapter Review 969 / Critical Thinking Questions 970 / Answers to Figure Questions 971 27 Surface Anatomy 972 27.1 Overview of Surface Anatomy 973 Surface Anatomy of the Head 973 / Surface Anatomy of the Neck 979 / Surface Anatomy of the Trunk 981 / Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb 987 / Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb 992 Chapter Review 997 / Critical Thinking Questions 997 / Answers to Figure Questions 998 [Show More]

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