Human Physiology 15th Edition by Fox TEST BANK

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Test Bank for Human Physiology 15th Edition 15e by Stuart Fox, Krista Rompolski. ISBN-13: 9781259864629 1 The Study of Body Function 1.1 Introduction to Physiology Scientific Method 1.2 Homeost... asis and Feedback Control History of Physiology Negative Feedback Loops Positive Feedback Neural and Endocrine Regulation Feedback Control of Hormone Secretion 1.3 The Primary Tissues Muscle Tissue Nerve Tissue Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue 1.4 Organs and Systems An Example of an Organ: The Skin Systems Body-Fluid Compartments Summary Review Activities 2 Chemical Composition of the Body 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Chemical Bonds Atoms Chemical Bonds, Molecules, and Ionic Compounds Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale Organic Molecules 2.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids Carbohydrates Lipids 2.3 Proteins Structure of Proteins Functions of Proteins 2.4 Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Summary Review Activities 3 Cell Structure and Genetic Control 3.1 Plasma Membrane and Associated Structures Structure of the Plasma Membrane Phagocytosis Endocytosis Exocytosis Cilia and Flagella Microvilli 3.2 Cytoplasm and Its Organelles Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex 3.3 Cell Nucleus and Gene Expression Genome and Proteome Chromatin RNA Synthesis RNA Interference 3.4 Protein Synthesis and Secretion Transfer RNA Formation of a Polypeptide Functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Complex Protein Degradation 3.5 Dna Synthesis and Cell Division DNA Replication The Cell Cycle Mitosis Meiosis Epigenetic Inheritance Interactions Summary Review Activities 4 Enzymes and Energy 4.1 Enzymes as Catalysts Mechanism of Enzyme Action Naming of Enzymes 4.2 Control of Enzyme Activity Effects of Temperature and pH Cofactors and Coenzymes Enzyme Activation Substrate Concentration and Reversible Reactions Metabolic Pathways 4.3 Bioenergetics Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions Coupled Reactions: ATP Coupled Reactions: Oxidation-Reduction Summary Review Activities 5 Cell Respiration and Metabolism 5.1 Glycolysis and the Lactic Acid Pathway Glycolysis Lactic Acid Pathway 5.2 Aerobic Respiration Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Coupling of Electron Transport to ATP Production ATP Balance Sheet 5.3 Interconversion of Glucose, Lactic Acid, and Glycogen Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis Cori Cycle 5.4 Metabolism of Lipids and Proteins Lipid Metabolism Amino Acid Metabolism Uses of Different Energy Sources Interactions Summary Review Activities 6 Interactions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment 6.1 Extracellular Environment Body Fluids Extracellular Matrix Categories of Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 6.2 Diffusion and Osmosis Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane Rate of Diffusion Osmosis Regulation of Blood Osmolality 6.3 Carrier-Mediated Transport Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Bulk Transport 6.4 The Membrane Potential Equilibrium Potentials Resting Membrane Potential 6.5 Cell Signaling Second Messengers G-Proteins Interactions Summary Review Activities 7 The Nervous System 7.1 Neurons and Supporting Cells Neurons Classification of Neurons and Nerves Neuroglia Neurilemma and Myelin Sheath Functions of Astrocytes 7.2 Electrical Activity In Axons Ion Gating in Axons Action Potentials Conduction of Nerve Impulses 7.3 The Synapse Electrical Synapses: Gap Junctions Chemical Synapses 7.4 Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter Chemically Regulated Channels Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Acetylcholine in the PNS Acetylcholine in the CNS 7.5 Monoamines as Neurotransmitters Serotonin as a Neurotransmitter Dopamine as a Neurotransmitter Norepinephrine as a Neurotransmitter 7.6 Other Neurotransmitters Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters Polypeptides as Neurotransmitters Endocannabinoids as Neurotransmitters Gases as Neurotransmitters ATP and Adenosine as Neurotransmitters 7.7 Synaptic Integration Synaptic Plasticity Synaptic Inhibition Summary Review Activities 8 The Central Nervous System 8.1 Structural Organization of the Brain 8.2 Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex Basal Nuclei Cerebral Lateralization Language Limbic System and Emotion Memory Emotion and Memory 8.3 Diencephalon Thalamus and Epithalamus Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 8.4 Midbrain and Hindbrain Midbrain Hindbrain Reticular Activating System in Sleep and Arousal 8.5 Spinal Cord Tracts Ascending Tracts Descending Tracts 8.6 Cranial and Spinal Nerves Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Summary Review Activities 9 The Autonomic Nervous System 9.1 Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors Autonomic Neurons Visceral Effector Organs 9.2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division 9.3 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation Other Autonomic Neurotransmitters Organs with Dual Innervation Organs Without Dual Innervation Control of the Autonomic Nervous System by Higher Brain Centers Interactions Summary Review Activities 10 Sensory Physiology 10.1 Characteristics of Sensory Receptors Categories of Sensory Receptors Law of Specific Nerve Energies Generator (Receptor) Potential 10.2 Cutaneous Sensations Neural Pathways for Somatesthetic Sensations Receptive Fields and Sensory Acuity Lateral Inhibition 10.3 Taste and Smell Taste Smell 10.4 Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium Sensory Hair Cells of the Vestibular Apparatus Utricle and Saccule Semicircular Canals 10.5 The Ears and Hearing Outer Ear Middle Ear Cochlea Spiral Organ (Organ of Corti) 10.6 The Eyes and Vision Refraction Accommodation Visual Acuity 10.7 Retina Effect of Light on the Rods Electrical Activity of Retinal Cells Cones and Color Vision Visual Acuity and Sensitivity Neural Pathways from the Retina 10.8 Neural Processing of Visual Information Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields Lateral Geniculate Nuclei Cerebral Cortex Interactions Summary Review Activities 11 Endocrine Glands 11.1 Endocrine Glands and Hormones Common Aspects of Neural and Endocrine Regulation Chemical Classification of Hormones Prohormones and Prehormones Hormone Interactions Effects of Hormone Concentrations on Tissue Response 11.2 Mechanisms of Hormone Action Hormones That Bind to Nuclear Receptor Proteins Hormones That Use Second Messengers 11.3 Pituitary Gland Pituitary Hormones Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior Pituitary Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Feedback Control of the Anterior Pituitary Higher Brain Function and Pituitary Secretion 11.4 Adrenal Glands Functions of the Adrenal Cortex Functions of the Adrenal Medulla Stress and the Adrenal Gland 11.5 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Production and Action of Thyroid Hormones Parathyroid Glands 11.6 Pancreas and Other Endocrine Glands Pancreatic Islets Pineal Gland Gastrointestinal Tract Gonads and Placenta 11.7 Paracrine and Autocrine Regulation Examples of Paracrine and Autocrine Regulation Prostaglandins Interactions Summary Review Activities 12 Muscle 12.1 Skeletal Muscles Structure of Skeletal Muscles Motor End Plates and Motor Units 12.2 Mechanisms of Contraction Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction Regulation of Contraction 12.3 Contractions of Skeletal Muscles Twitch, Summation, and Tetanus Types of Muscle Contractions Series-Elastic Component Length-Tension Relationship 12.4 Energy Requirements of Skeletal Muscles Metabolism of Skeletal Muscles Slow- and Fast-Twitch Fibers Muscle Fatigue Adaptations of Muscles to Exercise Training Muscle Damage and Repair 12.5 Neural Control of Skeletal Muscles Muscle Spindle Alpha and Gamma Motor Neurons Coactivation of Alpha and Gamma Motor Neurons Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Upper Motor Neuron Control of Skeletal Muscles 12.6 Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Interactions Summary Review Activities 13 Blood, Heart, and Circulation 13.1 Functions and Components of the Circulatory System Functions of the Circulatory System Major Components of the Circulatory System 13.2 Composition of the Blood Blood Plasma The Formed Elements of Blood Hematopoiesis Red Blood Cell Antigens and Blood Typing Blood Clotting Dissolution of Clots 13.3 Structure of the Heart Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves Heart Sounds 13.4 Cardiac Cycle Pressure Changes During the Cardiac Cycle 13.5 Electrical Activity of the Heart and the Electrocardiogram Electrical Activity of the Heart The Electrocardiogram 13.6 Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins 13.7 Atherosclerosis and Cardiac Arrhythmias Atherosclerosis Arrhythmias Detected by the Electrocardiograph 13.8 Lymphatic System Summary Review Activities 14 Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure 14.1 Cardiac Output Regulation of Cardiac Rate Regulation of Stroke Volume Venous Return 14.2 Blood Volume Exchange of Fluid Between Capillaries and Tissues Regulation of Blood Volume by the Kidneys 14.3 Vascular Resistance to Blood Flow Physical Laws Describing Blood Flow Extrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow Paracrine Regulation of Blood Flow Intrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow 14.4 Blood Flow to the Heart and Skeletal Muscles Aerobic Requirements of the Heart Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow Regulation of Blood Flow Through Skeletal Muscles Circulatory Changes During Exercise 14.5 Blood Flow to the Brain and Skin Cerebral Circulation Cutaneous Blood Flow 14.6 Blood Pressure Baroreceptor Reflex Atrial Stretch Reflexes Measurement of Blood Pressure Pulse Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure 14.7 Hypertension, Shock, and Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Circulatory Shock Congestive Heart Failure Interactions Summary Review Activities 15 The Immune System 15.1 Defense Mechanisms Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity Adaptive (Specific) Immunity Lymphocytes and Lymphoid Organs Local Inflammation 15.2 Functions of B Lymphocytes Antibodies The Complement System 15.3 Functions of T Lymphocytes Cytotoxic, Helper, and Regulatory T Lymphocytes Interactions Between Antigen-Presenting Cells and T Lymphocytes 15.4 Active and Passive Immunity Active Immunity and the Clonal Selection Theory Immunological Tolerance Passive Immunity 15.5 Tumor Immunology Innate Lymphoid Cells Effects of Aging and Stress 15.6 Diseases Caused by the Immune System Autoimmunity Immune Complex Diseases Allergy Interactions Summary Review Activities 16 Respiratory Physiology 16.1 The Respiratory System Structure of the Respiratory System Thoracic Cavity 16.2 Physical Aspects of Ventilation Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures Physical Properties of the Lungs Surfactant and Respiratory Distress Syndrome 16.3 Mechanics of Breathing Inspiration and Expiration Pulmonary Function Tests Pulmonary Disorders 16.4 Gas Exchange in the Lungs Calculation of PO2 Partial Pressures of Gases in Blood Significance of Blood PO2 and PCO2 Measurements Pulmonary Circulation and Ventilation/Perfusion Ratios Disorders Caused by High Partial Pressures of Gases 16.5 Regulation of Breathing Brain Stem Respiratory Centers Effects of Blood PCO2 and pH on Ventilation Effects of Blood PO2 on Ventilation Effects of Pulmonary Receptors on Ventilation 16.6 Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport Hemoglobin The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve Effect of pH and Temperature on Oxygen Transport Effect of 2,3-DPG on Oxygen Transport Inherited Defects in Hemoglobin Structure and Function Muscle Myoglobin 16.7 Carbon Dioxide Transport The Chloride Shift The Reverse Chloride Shift 16.8 Acid-Base Balance of the Blood Principles of Acid-Base Balance Ventilation and Acid-Base Balance 16.9 Effect of Exercise and High Altitude on Respiratory Function Ventilation During Exercise Acclimatization to High Altitude Interactions Summary Review Activities 17 Physiology of the Kidneys 17.1 Structure and Function of the Kidneys Gross Structure of the Urinary System Control of Micturition Microscopic Structure of the Kidney 17.2 Glomerular Filtration Glomerular Ultrafiltrate Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate 17.3 Reabsorption of Salt and Water Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule The Countercurrent Multiplier System Collecting Duct: Effect of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 17.4 Renal Plasma Clearance Transport Process Affecting Renal Clearance Renal Clearance of Inulin: Measurement of GFR Renal Clearance Measurements Reabsorption of Glucose 17.5 Renal Control of Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Role of Aldosterone in Na+/K+ Balance Control of Aldosterone Secretion Natriuretic Peptides Relationship Between Na+, K+, and H+ Renal Acid-Base Regulation 17.6 Diuretics and Renal Function Tests Use of Diuretics Renal Function Tests and Kidney Disease Interactions Summary Review Activities 18 The Digestive System 18.1 Introduction to the Digestive System Layers of the Alimentary Tract Regulation of the Alimentary Tract 18.2 From Mouth to Stomach Esophagus Stomach Pepsin and Hydrochloric Acid Secretion 18.3 Small Intestine Villi and Microvilli Intestinal Enzymes Intestinal Contractions and Motility 18.4 Large Intestine Intestinal Microbiota Fluid and Electrolyte Absorption in the Intestine Defecation 18.5 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Structure of the Liver Functions of the Liver Gallbladder Pancreas 18.6 Regulation of the Digestive System Regulation of Gastric Function Regulation of Intestinal Function Regulation of Pancreatic Juice and Bile Secretion Trophic Effects of Gastrointestinal Hormones 18.7 Digestion and Absorption of Food Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates Digestion and Absorption of Proteins Digestion and Absorption of Lipids Interactions Summary Review Activities 19 Regulation of Metabolism 19.1 Nutritional Requirements Metabolic Rate and Caloric Requirements Anabolic Requirements Vitamins and Minerals Free Radicals and Antioxidants 19.2 Regulation of Energy Metabolism Regulatory Functions of Adipose Tissue Regulation of Hunger and Metabolic Rate Caloric Expenditures Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism 19.3 Energy Regulation by the Pancreatic Islets Regulation of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion Insulin and Glucagon: Absorptive State Insulin and Glucagon: Postabsorptive State 19.4 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Hypoglycemia 19.5 Metabolic Regulation by Adrenal Hormones, Thyroxine, and Growth Hormone Adrenal Hormones Thyroxine Growth Hormone 19.6 Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Balance Bone Deposition and Resorption Hormonal Regulation of Bone 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Negative Feedback Control of Calcium and Phosphate Balance Summary Review Activities 20 Reproduction 20.1 Sexual Reproduction Sex Determination Development of Accessory Sex Organs and External Genitalia Disorders of Embryonic Sexual Development 20.2 Endocrine Regulation of Reproduction Interactions Among the Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Gonads Onset of Puberty Pineal Gland Human Sexual Response 20.3 Male Reproductive System Control of Gonadotropin Secretion Endocrine Functions of the Testes Spermatogenesis Male Accessory Sex Organs Erection, Emission, and Ejaculation Male Fertility 20.4 Female Reproductive System Ovarian Cycle Ovulation Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis 20.5 Menstrual Cycle Phases of the Menstrual Cycle: Cyclic Changes in the Ovaries Cyclic Changes in the Endometrium Effects of Pheromones, Stress, and Body Fat Contraceptive Methods Menopause 20.6 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Parturition Fertilization Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation Implantation of the Blastocyst and Formation of the Placenta Exchange of Molecules Across the Placenta Endocrine Functions of the Placenta Labor and Parturition Lactation Concluding Remarks Interactions Summary [Show More]

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