GCE History A Y222/01: The Cold War in Asia 1945-1993 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021. Rated A+

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Question Answer Mark Guidance 1 (a) Which of the following was of greater importance as a reason for the fall of China to Communism in 1949? (i) The failings of Jiang Jieshi and the Guomindang (GM... D) (ii) The leadership of Mao Zedong Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). • In dealing with the failings of the GMD, • Answers might argue that the army was undermined by corruption which left the soldiery short of food and equipment. • Answers might argue that desertion was a major problem. • Answers might argue that Jiang’s conscription policies hit the peasants hardest and encouraged many to switch allegiance to the CCP. • Answers might argue that Jiang made many strategic errors. • Answers might argue that Jiang did not trust his generals. • Answers might argue that communist spies were able to infiltrate the GMD. • In dealing with the leadership of Mao Zedong, answers might argue that his economic and social policies were popular and won support. • Answers might argue Mao was flexible in changing policies to maintain support. • Answers might argue that Mao’s resistance to the Japanese convinced people that he was a true 10 • No set answer is expected • Judgement must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Only credit material relevant to question. • Answers may deal with each factor in turn, then compare them to reach a judgement, or take a continually comparative approach. Either approach is acceptable. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark scheme.Y222/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 4 1 (b)* nationalist. • Answers might argue that Mao was well served by competent generals, such as Lin Biao, whom he trusted. • Answers might argue that Mao’s willingness to engage with the peasantry and listen to their concerns, won support. • Answers might argue that Mao’s propaganda was effective. ‘The weakness of South Vietnam was the main reason for the escalation of US involvement in Vietnam from 1965.’ How far do you agree? • In arguing that the weakness of South Vietnam was the main reason, answers might argue that political instability (a succession of military coups since Diem’s death in November 1963) meant that government lacked direction and consistency of purpose. • Answers might argue that Nguyen Cao Ky, PM from June 1965, was hopelessly inept. • Answers might explain that the slowness with which government operated was frustrating to Americans. • Answers might argue that the US was irritated by the inability of South Vietnam to check VC attacks on US bases and men. • Answers might argue that South Vietnam’s military was incompetent and ill-equipped. • Answers might argue that South Vietnam’s economy was not strong enough to support the war effort. • Answers might argue communist forces were increasing in strength and threatening the survival of South Vietnam. 20 • No set answer is expected. • At higher levels candidates will focus on ‘how far’ but at Level 4 may simply list factors • At Level 5 there will be judgement as to the weakness of South Vietnam. • At higher levels candidates might establish criteria against which to judge the weakness of South Vietnam. • To be valid judgements, claims must be supported by accurate and relevant material, if not they are assertions. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation in line with the descriptions in the levels mark scheme.Y222/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 5 2 (a) • In arguing that other reasons were important, answers might argue that Johnson was overly combative, arrogant and over confident which encouraged him to escalate US involvement. • Answers might argue that it was fear of the consequences of the collapse of South Vietnam based on the domino theory. • Answers might argue that escalation was due to the Cold War struggle and was necessary for the US to prove its leadership of the free world. • Answers might explain that the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the executive believed the war could be won by heavy bombing of the North which would mean escalation. • Answers might argue that the US was reacting to the Gulf of Tonkin incident. • Answers might argue that Congress supported escalation and was prepared to vote extra funds for the purpose. Which of the following policies of the Khmer Rouge, was the most destructive during the period 1975 to 1978? (i) The evacuation to the rural areas (ii) Anti-intellectualism Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). • In dealing with the evacuation to the rural areas, answers might explain that 2 million were deported from Phnom Penh alone. • Answers might explain that even those in hospitals were evacuated. 10 • No set answer is expected • Judgement must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Only credit material relevant to question. • Answers may deal with each factor in turn, then com [Show More]

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