GCE History A Y223/01: The Cold War in Europe 1941-1995 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021. Rated A+

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Question Answer Mark Guidance 1 (a) Which of the following was a more significant reason for the breakdown in relations in the ‘Grand Alliance’ between 1941 and 1945? i. The liberation of Euro... pe in the West ii. The liberation of Europe in the East Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). • In dealing with the West, answers might consider disagreements over the timing of the opening of a second front. • Answers might consider Stalin’s resentment of what he saw as the willingness of the USA and GB to allow the USSR to shoulder the main burden of war. • Answers might consider the significance of the issue of the future of Germany. • In dealing with the East, answers might consider disagreement over the issue of spheres of influence after the war. • Answers might consider the issue of the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe. • Answers might consider the disagreements over free elections in Eastern Europe. 10 • No set answer is expected • Judgement must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Only credit material relevant to the reasons for the breakdown in relations in the Grand Alliance. • Answers may deal with each factor in turn, then compare them to reach a judgement, or make take a continually comparative approach. Either approach is acceptable. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels marks scheme. 1 (b)* How important was the collapse of the USSR in bringing about the end of the Cold War? In arguing that it was the main reason, answers might consider: • The importance of nationalisms within the Soviet Union and the opportunity Gorbachev’s abandonment of the Brezhnev Doctrine created for nationalist groups to assert independence. 20 • No set answer is expected. • At higher levels candidates will focus on ‘how far’, but at Level 4 may simply list reasons. • At Level 5 and above there will be judgement as to the relative importance of reasons. • At higher levels candidates might establish criteria against which to judge. • To be valid judgements, claims must be supported by relevant and accurate material. If not, they areY223/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 4 • The long-term economic problems in the USSR which arguably rendered the Soviet regime unsustainable. • The elections in the USSR in 1989. • The collapse of Soviet power meant that there was no force to uphold states in Eastern Europe. • Soviet inability to support regimes world-wide, including Cuba and Ethiopia In arguing that other reasons were more important, answers might consider: • The impact of the war in Afghanistan. • Events in Eastern Europe and the USSR’s decision not to use force to support the regimes • The impact of the collapse of Soviet control of Eastern Europe on the USSR, including on nationalisms • The impact of American policies, particularly the escalation of the arms race, on the sustainability of the USSR. • Ideological change within the USSR, Gorbachev did not believe in world-wide revolution. • The priorities of Gorbachev, particularly the restructuring of the Soviet economy. • The policies and attitudes of the USA, particularly Ronald Reagan. assertions. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark scheme. 2 (a) Which of the following created greater change in relations between the USSR and the West? i. Détente in the 1970s ii. The ‘new Cold War’ of 1979-1985 Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). • In dealing with detente, answers might consider agreements over arms limitation and reduction, 10 • No set answer is expected • Judgement must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Only credit material relevant to changes in relations between East and West. • Answers may deal with each factor in turn, then compare them to reach a judgement, or make take a continually comparative approach. Either approach is acceptable. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for [Show More]

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